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Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey
Journal of Risk and Financial Management Pub Date : 2021-07-15 , DOI: 10.3390/jrfm14070326
Christian Opp , Michael Groll , Hamidreza Abbasi , Mansour Ahmadi Foroushani

Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, and riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand and dust storms (SDS). The understanding of causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), and influencing factors of sandy and dusty particles moving by wind both in the boundary layer and in the atmosphere are basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport in the atmosphere modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well as snow and ice cover. The effects of airborne particles on land are varied and can cause advantages and disadvantages, both in source areas and in sink or deposition areas, with disturbances of natural environments and anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter in general and SDS specifically can cause severe health problems in human respiratory and other organs, especially in children. Economic impacts can be equally devastating, but the costs related to SDS are not thoroughly studied. The available data show huge economic damages caused by SDS and by the mitigation of their effects. Management of SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, and protective measures. Integrated strategies are necessary during both the planning and monitoring of these measures. Such integrated strategies can be successful when they are developed and implemented in close cooperation with the local and regional population and stakeholders.

中文翻译:

沙尘暴的成因和影响:过去的研究告诉了我们什么?一项调查

荒地和植被覆盖率低的地点(如沙丘、土壤表面、干涸的湖泊和河床)是沙尘暴 (SDS) 的主要来源区。了解风在边界层和大气中移动的沙尘颗粒的成因、过程(磨损、放气、输运、沉积)和影响因素是区分 SDS 的基本前提。大气中的尘埃运输调节辐射、海洋表面温度、气候以及冰雪覆盖。空气中颗粒物对陆地的影响是多种多样的,在源区和汇区或沉积区,自然环境和人为基础设施受到干扰,可能会造成优势和劣势。一般而言,颗粒物和 SDS 尤其会导致人类呼吸系统和其他器官的严重健康问题,尤其是儿童。经济影响可能同样具有破坏性,但与 SDS 相关的成本尚未得到彻底研究。现有数据显示 SDS 及其影响的缓解造成了巨大的经济损失。SDS 相关危害的管理利用遥感技术、现场观察和保护措施。在这些措施的规划和监测期间,综合战略是必要的。在与当地和区域人口及利益相关者密切合作制定和实施此类综合战略时,此类综合战略可能会取得成功。但与 SDS 相关的成本并未深入研究。现有数据显示 SDS 及其影响的缓解造成了巨大的经济损失。SDS 相关危害的管理利用遥感技术、现场观察和保护措施。在这些措施的规划和监测期间,综合战略是必要的。与当地和区域人口及利益相关者密切合作制定和实施此类综合战略可能会取得成功。但与 SDS 相关的成本并未深入研究。现有数据显示 SDS 及其影响的缓解造成了巨大的经济损失。SDS 相关危害的管理利用遥感技术、现场观察和保护措施。在这些措施的规划和监测期间,综合战略是必要的。在与当地和区域人口及利益相关者密切合作制定和实施此类综合战略时,此类综合战略可能会取得成功。在这些措施的规划和监测期间,综合战略是必要的。在与当地和区域人口及利益相关者密切合作制定和实施此类综合战略时,此类综合战略可能会取得成功。在这些措施的规划和监测期间,综合战略是必要的。在与当地和区域人口及利益相关者密切合作制定和实施此类综合战略时,此类综合战略可能会取得成功。
更新日期:2021-07-15
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