In this paper, I outline some exegetical and philosophical problems with Baldwin and McNabb’s epistemic defeater for Islamic beliefs. I maintain that their argument is based upon a misinterpretation of Quranic verses. I also argue that exceptional instances of divine deception inflicted upon the senses, if they indeed happen, should not undermine the general trust in our cognitive faculties. I conclude that virtually all Muslims are immune from Baldwin and McNabb’s proposed defeater and from the threat posed by divine deception in general.

中文翻译：

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伊斯兰信仰和认识论的失败者：对鲍德温和麦克纳布的回应

在本文中，我概述了鲍德温和麦克纳布对伊斯兰信仰的认识论失败者的一些解经和哲学问题。我坚持认为他们的论点是基于对古兰经经文的误解。我还认为，神圣欺骗对感官造成的特殊情况，如果确实发生了，不应破坏对我们认知能力的普遍信任。我的结论是，几乎所有的穆斯林都不受鲍德温和麦克纳布提议的打败者的影响，也不受一般神圣欺骗所构成的威胁。