For people interested in high-quality food, Italy has long been acknowledged for its production of Parma ham, salami and similar pig meat-based products. For researchers in the field of antibiotic resistance, they are known as products of a highly antibiotic-dependent production system. Italy has one of the highest consumptions of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 244 mg/PCU. By contrast, Sweden has the lowest consumption of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 12.5 mg/PCU. Thus, the Italian level is about 20 times higher than the Swedish one. The aim of this paper is to pinpoint the role of antibiotics in the Swedish and Italian production systems. What are the underlying forces and the key features of the Swedish production system—a system that can actually compensate for routine group treatment with antibiotics through precautionary health and biosecurity? What aspects are behind the different antibiotic consumption patterns in the Italian setting? We argue that the Swedish ability to compensate for routine prophylactic antibiotic group treatment was the outcome of an extensive interaction process: ‘outsiders’ increased the general awareness of routine antibiotic use by debating it in the media, and ‘insiders’ took the debate seriously and consequently acted to develop a production system that was able to compensate for routine use of antibiotics. Based on both the Swedish and Italian experiences, we argue that a legal ban on routine group treatment does not in itself guarantee a change. Those who are supposed to adopt must first share the ideas the legislation rests on; second, they must be prepared to invest in a change of material structures; third, they must foresee a ‘fair’ distribution of costs and benefits among producers and users—that is, an economic context in which all players are incentivised to follow the same route.

对于对高品质食品感兴趣的人们，意大利长期以来一直以生产帕尔马火腿、意大利腊肠和类似的猪肉制品而闻名。对于抗生素抗性领域的研究人员来说，它们被称为高度依赖抗生素的生产系统的产物。意大利是欧盟动物抗生素消费量最高的国家之一，估计为 244 mg/PCU。相比之下，瑞典是欧盟动物抗生素消耗量最低的国家，估计为 12.5 mg/PCU。因此，意大利语水平比瑞典语水平高约20倍。该目标本文旨在确定抗生素在瑞典和意大利生产系统中的作用。瑞典生产系统的潜在力量和关键特征是什么——该系统实际上可以通过预防性健康和生物安全来补偿常规的抗生素集体治疗？意大利环境中不同的抗生素消费模式背后有哪些方面？我们认为，瑞典对常规预防性抗生素组治疗进行补偿的能力是广泛互动过程的结果：“局外人”通过在媒体上进行辩论提高了对常规抗生素使用的普遍认识，而“局内人”则认真对待辩论并因此采取行动开发了一种能够补偿抗生素常规使用的生产系统。根据瑞典和意大利的经验，我们认为法律禁止常规群体待遇本身并不能保证改变。那些应该采用的人必须首先分享立法所依据的想法；第二，他们必须准备投资改变物质结构；第三，他们必须预见到生产者和用户之间成本和收益的“公平”分配——即所有参与者都被激励遵循相同路线的经济环境。