Purpose

Nanopore-based molecular sensing and measurement, specifically DNA sequencing, is advancing at a fast pace. Some embodiments have matured from coarse particle counters to enabling full human genome assembly. This evolution has been powered not only by improvements in the sensors themselves, but also in the assisting microelectronic CMOS readout circuitry closely interfaced to them. In this light, this paper aims to review established and emerging nanopore-based sensing modalities considered for DNA sequencing and CMOS microelectronic methods currently being used.

Design/methodology/approach

Readout and amplifier circuits, which are potentially appropriate for conditioning and conversion of nanopore signals for downstream processing, are studied. Furthermore, arrayed CMOS readout implementations are focused on and the relevant status of the nanopore sensor technology is reviewed as well.

Findings

Ion channel nanopore devices have unique properties compared with other electrochemical cells. Currently biological nanopores are the only variants reported which can be used for actual DNA sequencing. The translocation rate of DNA through such pores, the current range at which these cells operate on and the cell capacitance effect, all impose the necessity of using low-noise circuits in the process of signal detection. The requirement of using in-pixel low-noise circuits in turn tends to impose challenges in the implementation of large size arrays.

Originality/value

The study presents an overview on the readout circuits used for signal acquisition in electrochemical cell arrays and investigates the specific requirements necessary for implementation of nanopore-type electrochemical cell amplifiers and their associated readout electronics.

中文翻译：

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基于纳米孔的 DNA 测序传感器和 CMOS 读出方法

目的

基于纳米孔的分子传感和测量，特别是 DNA 测序，正在快速发展。一些实施例已经从粗颗粒计数器成熟到能够进行完整的人类基因组组装。这种演变不仅得益于传感器本身的改进，而且还得益于与其紧密连接的辅助微电子 CMOS 读出电路。有鉴于此，本文旨在回顾目前正在使用的 DNA 测序和 CMOS 微电子方法中已建立和新兴的基于纳米孔的传感模式。

设计/方法/方法

研究了可能适用于调节和转换纳米孔信号以进行下游处理的读出和放大器电路。此外，重点关注阵列 CMOS 读出的实现，并回顾了纳米孔传感器技术的相关状况。

发现

与其他电化学电池相比，离子通道纳米孔装置具有独特的特性。目前，生物纳米孔是唯一报道的可用于实际 DNA 测序的变体。DNA 通过这些孔的易位率、这些细胞工作的电流范围和细胞电容效应，都强加了在信号检测过程中使用低噪声电路的必要性。反过来，使用像素内低噪声电路的要求往往会给大尺寸阵列的实现带来挑战。

原创性/价值

该研究概述了用于电化学电池阵列中信号采集的读出电路，并研究了实施纳米孔型电化学电池放大器及其相关读出电子设备所需的具体要求。