The synthesis of polymers and polymer additives from renewable biosources is of increasing interest. Products based on biosources offer independence from the uncertainty and fluctuation in petrochemical markets and may offer clear advantages over petrochemical counterparts in terms of toxicity, biodegradability, and environmental impact. Isosorbide is a diether diol available from glucose which may be obtained from starch produced by a variety of seed crops. Isosorbide may be converted to a variety of bis-phosphorus esters (phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphate) using either direct phosphorylation or the Atherton-Todd procedure.

中文翻译：

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异山梨醇双磷酯的合成与表征

从可再生生物源合成聚合物和聚合物添加剂越来越受到关注。基于生物资源的产品不受石化市场的不确定性和波动的影响，并且在毒性、生物降解性和环境影响方面可能比石化产品具有明显的优势。异山梨醇是一种二醚二醇，可从葡萄糖中获得，葡萄糖可以从各种种子作物生产的淀粉中获得。使用直接磷酸化或 Atherton-Todd 程序，异山梨醇可以转化为多种双磷酯（次膦酸酯、膦酸酯、磷酸酯）。