We here studied some potential factors underlying variation in compliance with preventive behaviors against COVID-19 by studying mask wearing during outdoor recreational activities in a midsize city of Argentina in 2020. The originality of present research relies on the complementation of observational (N = 15,507) and survey (N = 578) data and in assessing the determinants of and disposition to the same preventive behavior across activities. In Study 1, we did 8 weeks of unobtrusive systematic observation of mask wearing in outdoor recreational sites as a function of activity (walking, running, and cycling). In Study 2, we ran an online survey (concomitant with the last weeks of the observational study) to measure self-reported mask use and relevant beliefs, including self- and other-regarding motives. Behavioral observations showed that mask wearing declined over time for the three activities as predicted from a social dilemma perspective; nonetheless, compliance significantly differed across activities. Self-reported mask use was predicted by the perceived risk of contagion for the self and for others, perceived comfort costs of wearing masks, and social norms, but not by perceived illness severity or mask effectiveness. We discuss some implications and limitations of present findings for the development of preventive strategies to reduce COVID-19 transmission.

中文翻译：

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实地观察和调查证据，以评估 COVID-19 大流行期间阿根廷城市在不同户外活动中佩戴口罩的预测因素

我们在此通过研究 2020 年阿根廷一个中等城市在户外娱乐活动中佩戴口罩的情况，研究了一些潜在因素，这些因素导致了对 COVID-19 预防行为的依从性变化。本研究的原创性依赖于观察性的补充 ( N  = 15,507)和调查（N = 578) 数据和评估跨活动相同预防行为的决定因素和处置。在研究 1 中，我们进行了为期 8 周的不显眼的系统观察，观察户外娱乐场所的口罩佩戴与活动（步行、跑步和骑自行车）的关系。在研究 2 中，我们进行了一项在线调查（与观察性研究的最后几周同时进行），以衡量自我报告的口罩使用情况和相关信念，包括自我和他人的动机。行为观察表明，从社会困境的角度预测，三项活动的口罩佩戴率随着时间的推移而下降；然而，不同活动的合规性差异很大。自我报告的口罩使用情况是通过感知到的对自己和他人的传染风险、感知到的佩戴口罩的舒适成本以及社会规范来预测的，但不是通过感知的疾病严重程度或口罩的有效性。我们讨论了目前研究结果对制定预防策略以减少 COVID-19 传播的一些影响和局限性。