Drawing on insights found in both philosophy and psychology, this paper offers an analysis of hate and distinguishes between its main types. I argue that hate is a sentiment, i.e., a form to regard the other as evil which on certain occasions can be acutely felt. On the basis of this definition, I develop a typology which, unlike the main typologies in philosophy and psychology, does not explain hate in terms of patterns of other affective states. By examining the developmental history and intentional structure of hate, I obtain two variables: the replaceability/irreplaceability of the target and the determinacy/indeterminacy of the focus of concern. The combination of these variables generates the four-types model of hate, according to which hate comes in the following kinds: normative, ideological, retributive, and malicious.

本文借鉴哲学和心理学中的见解，对仇恨进行了分析并区分了其主要类型。我认为仇恨是一种情绪，即一种将他人视为邪恶的形式，在某些情况下可以敏锐地感受到。在这个定义的基础上，我开发了一种类型学，与哲学和心理学中的主要类型学不同，它不根据其他情感状态的模式来解释仇恨。通过考察仇恨的发展历史和意向结构，我得到了两个变量：目标的可替代性/不可替代性和关注焦点的确定性/不确定性。这些变量的组合产生了仇恨的四类模型，根据该模型，仇恨分为以下几种：规范性、意识形态、报复性和恶意。