Between 2006 and 2019, Bolivia emerged as a world leader in formulating a participatory, non-violent model to gradually limit coca production in a safe and sustainable manner while simultaneously offering farmers realistic economic alternatives to coca. Our study finds that not only has this model reduced violence, but it has effectively expanded social and civil rights in hitherto marginal regions. In contrast, Peru has continued to conceptualize ‘drugs’ as a crime and security issue. This has led to U.S.-financed forced crop eradication, putting the burden onto impoverished farmers, generating violence and instability. At the request of farmers, the Peruvian government has made a tentative move towards implementing one aspect of Bolivia’s community control in Peru. Could it work? We address this question by focusing on participatory development with a special emphasis on the role of local organizations and the relationship between growers and the state. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, focus group discussions and secondary research, we find that for community control to have any chance of success in Peru, grassroots organizations must be strengthened and grower trust in the state created. The study also demonstrates that successful participatory development in drug crop regions is contingent on land titling and robust state investment, which strengthens farmer resolve to participate so as to avoid a return to the repression of the past.

2006 年至 2019 年间，玻利维亚在制定参与性、非暴力模式以安全和可持续的方式逐步限制古柯生产，同时为农民提供现实的古柯经济替代品方面成为世界领先者。我们的研究发现，这种模式不仅减少了暴力，而且有效地扩大了迄今为止边缘地区的社会和公民权利。相比之下，秘鲁继续将“毒品”概念化为犯罪和安全问题。这导致了美国资助的强制根除作物，将负担推给了贫困的农民，引发了暴力和不稳定。应农民的要求，秘鲁政府采取了初步行动，以在秘鲁实施玻利维亚社区控制的一个方面。它可以工作吗？我们通过关注参与式发展来解决这个问题，特别强调地方组织的作用以及种植者与国家之间的关系。通过长期的民族志实地考察、访谈、焦点小组讨论和二次研究，我们发现对于社区控制而言 为了在秘鲁取得成功，必须加强基层组织并建立种植者对国家的信任。该研究还表明，药用作物地区的成功参与式开发取决于土地所有权和强大的国家投资，这增强了农民参与的决心，以避免回到过去的压制。