While humans exhibit a significant degree of neuropathological changes associated with deficits in cognitive and memory functions during aging, non-human primates (NHP) present with more variable expressions of pathological alterations among individuals and species. As such, NHP with long life expectancy in captivity offer an opportunity to study brain senescence in the absence of the typical cellular pathology caused by age-related neurodegenerative illnesses commonly seen in humans. Age-related changes at neuronal population, single cell, and synaptic levels have been well documented in macaques and marmosets, while age-related and Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology has been characterized in additional species including lemurs as well as great apes. We present a comparative overview of existing neuropathologic observations across the primate order, including classic age-related changes such as cell loss, amyloid deposition, amyloid angiopathy, and tau accumulation. We also review existing cellular and ultrastructural data on neuronal changes, such as dendritic attrition and spine alterations, synaptic loss and pathology, and axonal and myelin pathology, and discuss their repercussions on cellular and systems function and cognition.

中文翻译：

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衰老灵长类动物的比较神经病理学：一个观点

虽然人类在衰老过程中表现出与认知和记忆功能缺陷相关的显着程度的神经病理学变化，但非人类灵长类动物 (NHP) 在个体和物种之间呈现出更多可变的病理变化表达。因此，在没有人类常见的与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病引起的典型细胞病理学的情况下，人工饲养的预期寿命长的 NHP 提供了研究大脑衰老的机会。在猕猴和狨猴中，神经元群体、单细胞和突触水平的年龄相关变化已得到充分证明，而与年龄相关的和阿尔茨海默病样神经病理学已在其他物种中得到表征，包括狐猴和类人猿。我们对灵长类现有的神经病理学观察结果进行了比较概述，包括经典的与年龄相关的变化，例如细胞丢失、淀粉样蛋白沉积、淀粉样蛋白血管病和 tau 蛋白积累。我们还回顾了有关神经元变化的现有细胞和超微结构数据，例如树突磨损和脊柱改变、突触损失和病理学，以及轴突和髓鞘病理学，并讨论它们对细胞和系统功能和认知的影响。