In this paper, the authors propose a secure and trusted energy trading (ET) scheme for electric vehicles (EVs) for vehicle-to-anything (V2X) ecosystems. The scheme, named as EVBlocks, facilitates ET among entities (i.e., EVs, charging stations (CS), and smart grids (SG)) in a secured and trusted manner through a consortium blockchain (CBC) network. The scheme operates in three phases. In the first phase, to allow real-time and resilient network orchestration of V2X nodes, we consider the ET service designed over a fifth-generation (5G) enabled software-defined networking (SDN) environment. Integration of SDN in 5G-V2X ecosystems allows V2X nodes to eliminate intermediaries and handle many requests with a minimum response time. Then, in the second phase, a non-cooperative game is presented that optimizes a cost function and converges to reach at least one Nash equilibrium point. Finally, a consensus algorithm Proof-of-Greed (PoG) is proposed that handles fluctuations in charging/discharging EVs through an event-driven scheduling mechanism. The obtained results are compared against parameters, such as ET time, State-of-Charge (SoC) levels, EV utility, block-convergence time, profits, computation, and communication costs. For example, EVBlocks achieve an average SOC charge of 22.8MW, with a peak at 377.5MW, the average power dissipation of 4.1125 kWH that is lower than \(25\%\) against existing conventional and fixed tariff schemes. The scheme converges at stable profit values for 5 EVs through a non-cooperative game. For proposed PoG consensus, the block convergence time for 1000 nodes is 138.96 seconds, at a computation cost of 46.92 milliseconds (ms) and communication cost of 149 bytes. The comparative analysis suggests the proposed scheme is efficient as compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches against compared parameters.

在本文中，作者为车辆到任何事物 (V2X) 生态系统的电动汽车 (EV) 提出了一种安全且可信的能源交易 (ET) 方案。该方案，命名为EVBlocks，通过联盟区块链 (CBC) 网络以安全和可信的方式促进实体（即电动汽车、充电站 (CS) 和智能电网 (SG)）之间的 ET。该计划分三个阶段运作。在第一阶段，为了实现 V2X 节点的实时和弹性网络编排，我们考虑了在支持第五代 (5G) 的软件定义网络 (SDN) 环境中设计的 ET 服务。SDN 在 5G-V2X 生态系统中的集成允许 V2X 节点消除中介并以最短的响应时间处理许多请求。然后，在第二阶段，提出一个非合作博弈，该博弈优化成本函数并收敛到至少一个纳什均衡点。最后，一个共识算法证明贪婪（PoG）提出通过事件驱动的调度机制处理电动汽车充电/放电的波动。将获得的结果与参数进行比较，例如 ET 时间、充电状态 (SoC) 水平、EV 效用、块收敛时间、利润、计算和通信成本。例如，EVBlocks实现了 22.8 MW的平均 SOC 充电，峰值为 377.5 MW，平均功耗为 4.1125 千瓦时，低于现有常规和固定资费方案的\(25\%\)。该方案通过非合作博弈收敛于 5 辆电动汽车的稳定利润值。对于提议的PoG共识，1000 个节点的区块收敛时间为 138.96 秒，计算成本为 46.92 毫秒（ms），通信成本为 149 字节。比较分析表明，与针对比较参数的现有最先进方法相比，所提出的方案是有效的。