Abstract—

This paper presents a reconstruction of the history of development of the ecosystems in the lower reaches of the Knevichanka River over the past 5350 cal BP based on the biostratigraphic analysis of the sediments of the first terrace above the floodplain. Differences were identified and characteristics were determined in the vegetation structure during the final phase of the Holocene climate optimum and multidirectional climatic fluctuations in the Late Holocene. It has been found that in the final phase of the Holocene broad-leaved plants were more widespread on the mountain slopes than at present. The alluvial plains predominantly contained grassy meadows with small-leaved plant communities. Mixed forests prevailed in the vegetation on the slopes of the Knevichanka River valley with a dominance of Korean pine, Japanese red pine, oak, elm, Amur cork tree, linden, lilac, Manchurian walnut, and other species. In the lower reaches of the Knevichanka River, in the place of the marshy plains and water areas of Lakes Krolevetskoe and Orlovskoe, an extensive shallow sea bay existed, which was connected to the Ussuri Bay via a narrow strait. A cooling period that began at the end of the Middle Holocene and continued into the beginning of the Late Holocene led to a reduction of broad-leaved plants in vegetation and more widespread occurrence of small-leaved plants. At that time, the formation of the soil layer of the first terrace above floodplain began in the lower reaches of the river. In the course of the marine regression, the coastal lowlands became free from seawater, and the upper part of the shallow bay was detached from the sea. A lagoon occurred at the location of the marine gulf. The lagoon became gradually freshened, shallow, and connected to the sea by the channels of the Knevichanka and Artemovka rivers. However, during the syzygial tides and wind-induced surges, seawater still intruded regularly. At the end of the Late Holocene, the valley of the Knevichanka River developed natural conditions, thus giving rise to the recent structure of vegetation. Desalination occurred in lakes Krolevetskoe and Orlovskoe, while they acquired their recent outlines.

中文翻译：

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全新世中晚期（南锡霍特-阿林）克内维昌卡河谷自然环境的发展

摘要-

本文基于对洪泛区上方第一阶地沉积物的生物地层分析，重建了过去 5350 cal BP 以来 Knevichanka 河下游生态系统的发展历史。在全新世气候最优的最后阶段和全新世晚期的多向气候波动期间，确定了植被结构的差异并确定了其特征。已经发现，在全新世末期，山坡上的阔叶植物比现在更普遍。冲积平原主要包含草甸和小叶植物群落。Knevichanka 河谷山坡上的植被以混交林为主，以红松、日本红松、橡树、榆树、阿穆尔软木树、椴树、丁香、满洲胡桃等树种。在克内维昌卡河下游，在克罗列维茨湖和奥尔洛夫湖沼泽平原和水域的地方，有一个广阔的浅海海湾，它通过一条狭窄的海峡与乌苏里湾相连。中全新世末期开始并持续到全新世晚期开始的冷却期导致植被中阔叶植物的减少和小叶植物更广泛的出现。那时，河道下游开始形成漫滩之上的第一个阶地土层。在海退过程中，沿海低地没有海水，浅湾上部与海分离。在海洋湾的位置出现了一个泻湖。泻湖逐渐变得清新，变浅，并通过 Knevichanka 和 Artemovka 河的渠道与大海相连。然而，在合缝潮汐和风引起的潮汐期间，海水仍然有规律地侵入。晚全新世末期，克内维昌卡河谷自然条件发育，形成了近代植被结构。Krolevetskoe 和 Orlovskoe 湖发生了海水淡化，同时他们获得了最近的轮廓。从而产生了最近的植被结构。Krolevetskoe 和 Orlovskoe 湖发生了海水淡化，同时他们获得了最近的轮廓。从而产生了最近的植被结构。Krolevetskoe 和 Orlovskoe 湖发生了海水淡化，同时他们获得了最近的轮廓。