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Haze evolution in temperate exoplanet atmospheres through surface energy measurements
Nature Astronomy ( IF 14.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-12 , DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01375-3
Xinting Yu 1 , Xi Zhang 1 , Chao He 2 , Sarah M. Hörst 2 , Sarah E. Moran 2 , Austin H. Dymont 3 , Patricia McGuiggan 4 , Julianne I. Moses 5 , Nikole K. Lewis 6 , Jonathan J. Fortney 7 , Peter Gao 7 , Diana Powell 7 , Eliza M.-R. Kempton 8 , Caroline V. Morley 9 , Jeff A. Valenti 10 , Véronique Vuitton 11
Affiliation  

Photochemical hazes are important opacity sources in temperate exoplanet atmospheres, hindering current observations from characterizing exoplanet atmospheric compositions. The haziness of an atmosphere is determined by the balance between haze production and removal. However, the material-dependent removal physics of the haze particles are currently unknown under exoplanetary conditions. Here we provide experimentally measured surface energies for a grid of temperate exoplanet hazes to characterize haze removal in exoplanetary atmospheres. We found large variations of surface energies for hazes produced under different energy sources, atmospheric compositions and temperatures. The surface energies of the hazes were found to be the lowest around 400 K for the cold plasma samples, leading to the lowest removal rates. We show a suggestive correlation between haze surface energy and atmospheric haziness with planetary equilibrium temperature. We hypothesize that habitable-zone exoplanets could be less hazy, as they would possess high-surface-energy hazes that can be removed efficiently.



中文翻译:

通过表面能测量在温带系外行星大气中的雾霾演变

光化学霾是温带系外行星大气中的重要不透明源,阻碍了当前观测表征系外行星大气成分。大气的雾度取决于雾度产生和去除之间的平衡。然而,目前尚不清楚在系外行星条件下雾霾颗粒的材料相关去除物理特性。在这里,我们提供了温带系外行星雾霾网格的实验测量表面能,以表征系外行星大气中的雾霾去除。我们发现在不同能源、大气成分和温度下产生的雾霾的表面能存在很大差异。对于冷等离子体样品,雾的表面能在 400 K 附近最低,导致去除率最低。我们展示了雾度表面能和大气雾度与行星平衡温度之间的暗示性相关性。我们假设宜居带系外行星可能不那么朦胧,因为它们具有可以有效去除的高表面能霾。

更新日期:2021-07-12
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