The extensive disruption to and digital transformation of travel administration across borders largely due to COVID-19 mean that digital vaccine passports are being developed to resume international travel and kick-start the global economy. Currently, a wide range of actors are using a variety of different approaches and technologies to develop such a system. This paper considers the techno-ethical issues raised by the digital nature of vaccine passports and the application of leading-edge technologies such as blockchain in developing and deploying them. We briefly analyse four of the most advanced systems – IBM’s Digital Health Passport “Common Pass,” the International Air Transport Association’s Travel Pass, the Linux Foundation Public Health’s COVID-19 Credentials Initiative and the Vaccination Credential Initiative (Microsoft and Oracle) – and then consider the approach being taken for the EU Digital COVID Certificate. Each of these raises a range of issues, particularly relating to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the need for standards and due diligence in the application of innovative technologies (eg blockchain) that will directly challenge policymakers when attempting to regulate within the network of networks.

中文翻译：

---

网络的数字网络：疫苗护照的监管风险和政策挑战

主要由于 COVID-19 对跨境旅行管理的广泛破坏和数字化转型意味着正在开发数字疫苗护照以恢复国际旅行并启动全球经济。目前，广泛的参与者正在使用各种不同的方法和技术来开发这样的系统。本文考虑了疫苗护照的数字性质以及区块链等前沿技术在开发和部署中的应用所引发的技术伦理问题。我们简要分析了四个最先进的系统——IBM 的数字健康护照“通用通行证”、国际航空运输协会的旅行通行证、Linux 基金会公共卫生的 COVID-19 证书倡议和疫苗接种证书倡议（微软和甲骨文）——然后考虑为欧盟数字 COVID 证书采取的方法。每一项都引发了一系列问题，特别是与通用数据保护条例 (GDPR) 以及在应用创新技术（例如区块链）时需要标准和尽职调查有关，这将在尝试在网络内进行监管时直接挑战政策制定者的网络。