Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and subsequent low back pain (LBP) are major orthopedic diseases worldwide. IVD herniation could be caused by an accidental trauma or posture imbalance. When the symptoms of LBP for patients worsen, surgical procedures such as discectomy are necessary. However, these orthopedic incisions often require secondary surgery to patients. Therefore, the need for improved engineering and clinical development to overcome these drawbacks should be emphasized, and IVD therapy using progenitor stem cell administration is recently in the spotlight. Among various cell sources, adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are considered a potential alternative cell source to replace conventional bone marrow-derived stem cells for allograft transplantation and tissue engineering applications. In addition, a proper modulation of the growth environment and biological additives along with novel scaffold platforms successfully control the differentiation of ADSCs. Furthermore, recent clinical trials have shown feasible outcomes in systematic IVD repair using stem cell therapies. Taken together, this review summarizes (1) stem cell-based tissue engineering strategies for effective IVD regeneration and (2) clinical follow-up through stem cell transplantation.

椎间盘 (IVD) 变性和随后的腰痛 (LBP) 是全球主要的骨科疾病。IVD 疝气可能是由意外创伤或姿势不平衡引起的。当患者的 LBP 症状恶化时，需要进行椎间盘切除术等外科手术。然而，这些骨科切口通常需要对患者进行二次手术。因此，应该强调改进工程和临床开发以克服这些缺点的需要，并且使用祖干细胞给药的 IVD 治疗最近成为人们关注的焦点。在各种细胞来源中，脂肪来源间充质干细胞 (ADSCs) 被认为是替代传统骨髓来源干细胞用于同种异体移植和组织工程应用的潜在替代细胞来源。此外，适当调节生长环境和生物添加剂以及新型支架平台成功地控制了 ADSCs 的分化。此外，最近的临床试验表明，使用干细胞疗法在系统性 IVD 修复中取得了可行的结果。总之，本综述总结了 (1) 基于干细胞的组织工程策略，用于有效的 IVD 再生和 (2) 通过干细胞移植进行的临床随访。