The presented research introduces a fabricated working electrode of cabbage flower-like Ho³⁺/NiO nanostructure (CFL-Ho³⁺/NiO NSs) as a glassy carbon electrode for the detection of flutamide, a prostate cancer drug, through a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). A solvothermal technique was applied to produce the CFL-Ho³⁺/NiO NSs, which were subsequently characterized by Map, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. Three various techniques of DPV, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry as well as multiple electrodes were employed to evaluate the electrochemical properties of flutamide. The reduction process of flutamide was tested by quantitative analysis at − 526 mV and pH 7.0. Diffusion coefficient of flutamide was assessed by chronoamperometry method in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Linear results were reported for the DPV in the range between 0.01 and 400.0 μM. Under optimized conditions, the range of linear responses was between 0.01 and 400.0 μM with the limit of quantification of 18.8 nM and limit of detection of 5.7 nM. The produced electrode was practically utilized to detect flutamide in flutanax tablets and real clinical urine samples, achieving successful results. The standard addition method was performed for the detection of flutamide present in urine samples using the modified electrode. The only urine treatment in this method was a simple dilution with supporting buffer.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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氧化镍中掺钬电极材料及其在氟他胺测定电化学传感器中的应用作为前列腺癌药物

本研究介绍了一种由卷心菜花状 Ho ³⁺ /NiO 纳米结构（CFL-Ho ³⁺ /NiO NSs）制成的工作电极作为玻碳电极，通过差分脉冲伏安法检测前列腺癌药物氟他胺(DPV)。应用溶剂热技术生产 CFL-Ho ³⁺/NiO NSs，随后通过 Map、能量色散 X 射线光谱、扫描电子显微镜和 X 射线衍射方法对其进行表征。采用 DPV、循环伏安法和计时电流法三种不同的技术以及多电极来评估氟他胺的电化学性能。氟他胺的还原过程通过定量分析在 - 526 mV 和 pH 7.0 下进行测试。氟他胺的扩散系数通过计时电流法在磷酸盐缓冲溶液（pH 7.0）中进行评估。报告了 0.01 到 400.0 μM 范围内 DPV 的线性结果。在优化条件下，线性响应范围在 0.01 到 400.0 μM 之间，定量限为 18.8 nM，检测限为 5.7 nM。所生产的电极实际用于检测氟他那片中的氟他胺和真实临床尿样，取得了成功的结果。标准添加法用于使用改良电极检测尿样中存在的氟他胺。该方法中唯一的尿液处理是用支持缓冲液进行简单稀释。

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