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Use of manned submersible and autonomous stereo-camera array to assess forage fish and associated subtidal habitat
Fisheries Research ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-10 , DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2021.106067
Matthew R. Baker 1, 2 , Kresimir Williams 1 , H.G. Greene 3, 4 , Casey Greufe 2 , Heather Lopes 2 , John Aschoff 4 , Rick Towler 1
Affiliation  

Forage fish and fish associated with particular benthic habitats (e.g., rockfishes, sand eels, sand lances) may be particularly difficult to assess through standard survey methodologies. Stereo-cameras, video, and automated visual data may serve as useful complementary tools to provide insight into the dynamics of these species. Visual methods may be used not only to estimate abundance and distribution, but also to inform important biological metrics and life history attributes. We explored the application of these methods to assess Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), a forage fish associated with benthic sediments, using a combination of directed observations from a manned submersible and quantitative analysis of fixed image footage obtained with a stereo-camera. This research provides a better understanding of how in situ observations and automated image analysis might complement other methods to estimate fish abundance, distribution, habitat, and behavior. Visual data were compared to data collected via directed sampling using physical extraction methods at the same site in the same year. Submersible observations provided new insights on the physical conditions and habitat. Visual observations confirmed wavefield morphologies previously identified through multibeam acoustic imagery and measured attributes relevant to the physical oceanography of the water column above this benthic habitat feature. Visual observations also informed understanding of light penetration, relevant to diurnal cues for seasonal progression and diel vertical migration and foraging. Submersible observations provided insights into abundance, schooling dynamics, and behavioral attributes, including avoidance in response to physical disturbance and aggregation in presence of artificial light. Quantitative analysis of stereo-camera data in center-edge and north-south transects determined that fish abundance and length distribution was relatively uniform throughout this particular benthic habitat. Estimates of measurement error associated with stereo-cameras were calculated and correction factors identified. Mean lengths estimated in visual data and in physical specimens were closely matched, though variance in visual data measurements was far greater. This error was reduced when filtering data on the basis of orthogonal position or incidence angle relative to the camera. Our research provides important insights to the presence, distribution, abundance, and movement of Pacific sand lance within benthic sand wavefield habitats. Our research also provides insight to the applications, opportunities, and constraints to observation-based sampling methods, including the use of manned submersibles and automated stereo-cameras.



中文翻译:

使用载人潜水器和自主立体相机阵列来评估饲料鱼和相关的潮下带栖息地

饲料鱼和与特定底栖栖息地相关的鱼类(例如石斑鱼、沙鳗、沙枪鱼)可能特别难以通过标准调查方法进行评估。立体相机、视频和自动视觉数据可以作为有用的补充工具,以深入了解这些物种的动态。视觉方法不仅可用于估计丰度和分布,还可用于告知重要的生物学指标和生活史属性。我们探索了这些方法在评估太平洋沙枪(Ammodytes personatus),一种与底栖沉积物相关的饲料鱼,结合了载人潜水器的定向观察和立体相机获得的固定图像片段的定量分析。这项研究提供了更好地了解如何在原位观察和自动图像分析可能补充其他方法来估计鱼类的丰度、分布、栖息地和行为。视觉数据与同年在同一地点使用物理提取方法通过定向采样收集的数据进行了比较。潜水观测提供了关于物理条件和栖息地的新见解。目视观察证实了先前通过多波束声学图像确定的波场形态,以及与该底栖栖息地特征上方水柱物理海洋学相关的测量属性。视觉观察还有助于了解光穿透,这与季节性进展和昼夜垂直迁移和觅食的昼夜线索有关。潜水观测提供了对丰富性、学校教育动态和行为属性的见解,包括在人造光存在下避免物理干扰和聚集。对中心边缘和南北横断面中立体相机数据的定量分析确定,在这个特定的底栖栖息地中,鱼类的丰度和长度分布相对均匀。计算与立体相机相关的测量误差估计并确定校正因子。视觉数据和物理样本中估计的平均长度密切匹​​配,尽管视觉数据测量的差异要大得多。当根据相对于相机的正交位置或入射角过滤数据时,该错误会减少。我们的研究为底栖沙波场栖息地中太平洋沙枪的存在、分布、丰度和运动提供了重要的见解。

更新日期:2021-07-12
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