Proteomic analysis was carried out on the Crab (upper-shore) and Wave (lower-shore) ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis from a hybrid zone at Silleiro Cape, Spain. Proteome profiles of individual snails were obtained. Protein expression in F1 hybrid snails bred in the laboratory and snails with intermediate shell phenotypes collected from the mid-shore were compared with Crab and Wave ecotypes using analytical approaches used to study dominance. Multivariate analysis over many protein spots showed that the F1 snails are distinct from both ecotypes but closer to the Wave ecotype. The intermediate snails are highly variable, some closer to the Crab and others to the Wave ecotype. Considered on a protein by protein basis, some proteins are significantly closer in expression to the Crab and others to the Wave ecotype for both F1 and intermediate snails. Furthermore, a significant majority of proteins were closer in expression to the Wave ecotype for the F1, consistent with the multivariate analysis. No such significant majority towards either the Crab or Wave ecotype was observed for the intermediate snails. The closer similarity of F1 and Wave ecotype expression patterns could be the result of similar selective pressures in the similar mid-shore and low-shore environments. For a significantly larger number of proteins intermediate snails were closer in expression to the ecotype having the lower expression, for both Crab and Wave ecotypes. This is somewhat unexpected as lower expression might be expected to be an indication of impairment of function and lower fitness. Proteomic analysis could be important for the identification of candidate proteins useful for gaining improved understanding of adaptation and barriers to gene flow in hybrid zones.

中文翻译：

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F1 杂种和中间变体在 littorina saxatilis 杂种区的蛋白质组学分析

对来自西班牙 Silleiro Cape 混合区的 Littorina saxatilis 的 Crab（上岸）和 Wave（下岸）生态型进行了蛋白质组学分析。获得了单个蜗牛的蛋白质组谱。使用用于研究优势的分析方法，将实验室培育的 F1 杂种蜗牛中的蛋白质表达和从中岸收集的具有中间壳表型的蜗牛与 Crab 和 Wave 生态型进行比较。对许多蛋白质点的多变量分析表明，F1 蜗牛不同于两种生态型，但更接近于 Wave 生态型。中间蜗牛是高度可变的，一些更接近螃蟹，另一些更接近波浪生态型。在逐个蛋白质的基础上考虑，对于 F1 和中间蜗牛，一些蛋白质的表达明显更接近于螃蟹，而另一些则更接近于 Wave 生态型。此外，绝大多数蛋白质的表达更接近 F1 的 Wave 生态型，这与多变量分析一致。对于中间蜗牛，没有观察到对螃蟹或波浪生态型的如此显着的多数。F1 和 Wave 生态型表达模式的更接近的相似性可能是相似的中岸和低岸环境中相似的选择压力的结果。对于大量的蛋白质，中间蜗牛在表达上更接近于表达较低的生态型，对于螃蟹和波浪生态型。这有点出乎意料，因为较低的表达可能表明功能受损和适应度较低。