Prolonged or repeated episodes of environmental stress could be especially detrimental for developing young, via impaired growth or development. Despite this, most studies investigating the effects of human recreational and tourism activities have focused on adults. An increasing demand for nature-based tourism in remote locations means that many seabirds, which have evolved largely in the absence of predators and humans, are being exposed to novel pressures. The slow-growing semi-precocial nestlings of the European storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus experience higher mortality rates in nests exposed to human recreational disturbance. Here, we examine whether surviving nestlings reared in disturbed areas are also affected via changes in growth trajectories and baseline circulating glucocorticoids. Nestlings reared in high-disturbance areas displayed delayed mass growth, and we found weak evidence for slower rates of mass gain and tarsus growth, compared with nestlings reared in undisturbed areas. There were no differences in wing growth, consistent with prioritization of long wings, important for post-fledging survival. A tendency for a less marked age-related decline in corticosterone (CORT) in disturbed nestlings offers limited evidence that changes in growth trajectories were mediated by baseline CORT. However, disturbed nestlings could have experienced overall higher GC exposure if the acute GC response was elevated. ‘Catch-up’ growth enabled high-disturbance nestlings to overcome early constraints and achieve a similar, or even larger, asymptotic body size and mass as low-disturbance nestlings. While catch-up growth has been shown to carry costs for parents and offspring, the effects of disturbance were slight and considerably smaller than growth alterations driven by variation in environmental conditions between years. Nonetheless, effects of human recreational activities could be exacerbated under higher levels of human disturbance or in the presence of multiple pressures, as imposed by present rapid rates of environmental change.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰对长寿鸟产后生长和基线皮质酮的影响

长期或反复的环境压力可能会因生长或发育受损而对发育中的年轻人特别有害。尽管如此，大多数调查人类娱乐和旅游活动影响的研究都集中在成年人身上。偏远地区对自然旅游的需求不断增加，这意味着许多海鸟在很大程度上是在没有捕食者和人类的情况下进化而来的，它们正面临着新的压力。欧洲风暴海燕 Hydrobates pelagicus 生长缓慢的半早熟雏鸟在暴露于人类娱乐干扰的巢穴中死亡率较高。在这里，我们检查了在受干扰地区饲养的幸存雏鸟是否也受到生长轨迹和基线循环糖皮质激素变化的影响。与在未受干扰地区饲养的雏鸟相比，在高干扰地区饲养的雏鸟表现出延迟的质量增长，我们发现质量增加和跗骨生长速度较慢的弱证据。翅膀的生长没有差异，这与长翅膀的优先顺序一致，这对羽翼后的生存很重要。在受干扰的雏鸟中，与年龄相关的皮质酮 (CORT) 下降不太明显的趋势提供了有限的证据，证明生长轨迹的变化是由基线 CORT 介导的。然而，如果急性 GC 反应升高，受干扰的雏鸟可能会经历更高的 GC 暴露。“追赶”生长使高干扰雏鸟能够克服早期限制，并达到与低干扰雏鸟相似甚至更大的渐近体型和质量。虽然已经证明追赶性生长会给父母和后代带来成本，但干扰的影响是轻微的，并且比由不同年份的环境条件变化驱动的生长变化要小得多。尽管如此，人类娱乐活动的影响可能会在更高水平的人为干扰或存在多重压力的情况下加剧，正如当前快速的环境变化所施加的那样。