Livestock and chicken manures generated in 2017 in Al-Mafraq governorate (North of Jordan) were estimated to be around 250 × 10³ tons and expected to increase in the coming years. Therefore, the accumulation of animal manures will continue to pose a significant threat to public health by direct or indirect exposure. In this work, manures of cow, sheep/goats, and chicken and poultry litter were tested for their chemical composition and thermal characteristics, and then the potential of these manures as valuable renewable energy resources were examined. The proximate and ultimate analyses of these wastes were evaluated along with their heating values. Representative samples of different animal manures, chicken feather, and poultry litter were also subjected to a pyrolysis process. Poultry litter had the highest heating value (19.48 MJ/kg) among the tested samples, followed by chicken feathers (18.95 MJ/kg) and sheep/goat (10.92 MJ/kg). Cow manure had the lowest heat value (8.68 MJ/kg). Based on the elemental analysis, poultry waste had the highest contents of carbon and hydrogen, while cow manure had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between the levels of hydrogen and carbon of the selected wastes and their heat values. Poultry litter had a high nitrogen content and a low C:N ratio, whereas cow manure had the lowest nitrogen content and the highest C:N ratio. Poultry manure and litter had a higher volatile matter and a lower ash content than sheep/goat and cow manures. Chicken manure was the best among the tested samples in terms of bio-oil production (36 wt%) followed by poultry litter and sheep/goat manures, while cow manure was the lowest. Poultry litter was found to be the best source for biogas production. It is anticipated that 48.7 million m³ of biogas can be produced annually from the available animal waste resources in this governorate, and this amount of biogas can be converted into energy of about 10.1 × 10⁶ GJ. This amount of energy can satisfy the energy demand of at least 5% of the population in the Al-Mafraq governorate. In conclusion, the study recommended that converting animal solid manures to energy would be a promising waste management option or strategy to be applied in this governorate as well as in Jordan.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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动物固体废物作为潜在的可再生生物质能源：以约旦为例

2017 年 Al-Mafraq 省（约旦北部）产生的牲畜和鸡粪估计约为 250 × 10 ³吨，预计未来几年还会增加。因此，动物粪便的积累将继续通过直接或间接接触对公众健康构成重大威胁。在这项工作中，对牛、绵羊/山羊以及鸡和家禽粪便的化学成分和热特性进行了测试，然后研究了这些粪便作为宝贵的可再生能源的潜力。对这些废物的近似和最终分析以及它们的热值进行了评估。不同动物粪便、鸡毛和家禽垫料的代表性样品也进行了热解过程。家禽垫料的热值最高（19.48 MJ/kg），其次是鸡毛（18.95 MJ/kg）和绵羊/山羊（10.92 MJ/kg）。牛粪的热值最低（8. 68 兆焦耳/公斤）。根据元素分析，家禽粪便的碳和氢含量最高，而牛粪的含量最低。在选定废物的氢和碳含量与其热值之间发现了正相关。家禽垫料氮含量高，碳氮比低，而牛粪氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 家禽粪便的碳和氢含量最高，而牛粪的含量最低。在选定废物的氢和碳含量与其热值之间发现了正相关。家禽垫料氮含量高，碳氮比低，而牛粪氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 家禽粪便的碳和氢含量最高，而牛粪的含量最低。在选定废物的氢和碳含量与其热值之间发现了正相关。家禽垫料氮含量高，碳氮比低，而牛粪氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 在选定废物的氢和碳含量与其热值之间发现了正相关。家禽垫料氮含量高，碳氮比低，而牛粪氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 在选定废物的氢和碳含量与其热值之间发现了正相关。家禽垫料氮含量高，碳氮比低，而牛粪氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 而牛粪的氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 而牛粪的氮含量最低，碳氮比最高。与绵羊/山羊和牛粪相比，家禽粪便和垫料具有更高的挥发性物质和更低的灰分含量。就生物油产量而言，鸡粪是测试样品中最好的（36 wt%），其次是家禽垫料和绵羊/山羊粪，而牛粪最低。家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米 家禽垃圾被发现是沼气生产的最佳来源。预计 4870 万平方米该省可利用的动物粪便资源每年可生产^{3 3}沼气，该量沼气可转化为约10.1 × 10 ⁶ GJ 的能源。这一数量的能源可以满足 Al-Mafraq 省至少 5% 人口的能源需求。总之，该研究建议将动物固体粪便转化为能源将是一个有前途的废物管理选择或策略，可应用于该省和约旦。

图形概要