Multiple and complex aetiological processes underlie diabetes mellitus, which invariably result in the development of hyperglycaemia. Although there are two prevalent distinct forms of the disease, that is, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, accumulating evidence indicates that these syndromes share more aetiopathological mechanisms than originally thought. This compels a rethinking of the approaches to prevent and treat the different manifestations of what eventually becomes a hyperglycaemic state. This review aims to address the involvement of neutrophils, the most abundant type of granulocytes involved in the initiation of the acute phase of inflammation, in the aetiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We review the evidence that neutrophils are the first leucocytes to react to and accumulate inside target tissues of diabetes, such as the pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. We then review available data on the role of neutrophils and their functional alteration, with a focus on NETosis, in the progression towards clinical disease. Finally, we review potential approaches as secondary and adjunctive treatments to limit neutrophil-mediated damage in the prevention of the progression of subclinical disease to clinical hyperglycaemia.

中文翻译：

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中性粒细胞及其在 1 型和 2 型糖尿病发病机制中的作用

多种复杂的病因过程是糖尿病的基础，这总是导致高血糖症的发展。尽管有两种流行的不同形式的疾病，即 1 型和 2 型糖尿病，但越来越多的证据表明，这些综合征比最初认为的具有更多的病因病理机制。这迫使人们重新思考预防和治疗最终成为高血糖状态的不同表现的方法。本综述旨在探讨中性粒细胞（参与炎症急性期开始的最丰富的粒细胞类型）在糖尿病发病机制中的作用，重点关注 1 型和 2 型糖尿病。我们回顾了中性粒细胞是第一个对糖尿病靶组织（如胰腺和胰岛素敏感组织）起反应并在其内积聚的证据。然后，我们回顾了有关中性粒细胞作用及其功能改变的可用数据，重点关注 NETosis 在临床疾病进展中的作用。最后，我们回顾了作为二级和辅助治疗的潜在方法，以限制中性粒细胞介导的损伤，以预防亚临床疾病进展为临床高血糖。