This review analyzes the published literature linking the different mechanisms focused on oxidative stress and inflammation that contribute to COVID-19 disease severity. The objective is to bring together potential proinflammatory mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis and address mitigation strategies using naturally occurring compounds and FDA-approved drugs. Outstanding questions addressed include the following: What is the mechanistic basis for linking enhanced vulnerability in COVID-19 to increased oxidative damage and proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines), especially in high-risk people? Can we repurpose anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents to mitigate inflammation in COVID-19 patients? How does 2-deoxy-D-glucose function as an anti-COVID drug? COVID-19, cancer biology, and immunotherapy share many mechanistic similarities. Repurposing drugs that already have been FDA-approved for mitigating inflammation and immunosuppression in cancer may be a way to counteract disease severity, progression, and chronic inflammation in COVID-19. What are the long-term effects of reactive oxygen species-inducing immune cells and sustained inflammation in so-called long-haulers (long COVID) after recovery from COVID-19? Can we use mitochondria-targeted agents prophylactically to prevent inflammation and boost immunity in long-haulers? Addressing the oxidative chemical biology of COVID-19 and the mechanistic commonalities with cancer may provide new insights potentially leading to appropriate clinical trials and new treatments.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 中诱导的活性氧、促炎和免疫抑制介质：生物学与癌症的重叠

本综述分析了已发表的文献，这些文献将导致 COVID-19 疾病严重程度的氧化应激和炎症的不同机制联系起来。目的是汇集 COVID-19 发病机制的潜在促炎机制，并利用天然化合物和 FDA 批准的药物来解决缓解策略。需要解决的突出问题包括：将 COVID-19 的脆弱性增强与氧化损伤和促炎介质（例如细胞因子）增加（尤其是高危人群）联系起来的机制基础是什么？我们能否重新利用抗炎和免疫调节剂来减轻 COVID-19 患者的炎症？2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖作为抗新冠病毒药物如何发挥作用？COVID-19、癌症生物学和免疫疗法在机制上有许多相似之处。重新利用已获得 FDA 批准用于减轻癌症炎症和免疫抑制的药物可能是对抗 COVID-19 疾病严重程度、进展和慢性炎症的一种方法。从 COVID-19 恢复后，活性氧诱导的免疫细胞和持续炎症对所谓的长途运输者 (long COVID) 有何长期影响？我们可以预防性地使用线粒体靶向药物来预防长途运输者的炎症并增强免疫力吗？解决 COVID-19 的氧化化学生物学以及与癌症的机制共性可能会提供新的见解，从而可能导致适当的临床试验和新的治疗方法。