Reduction of floristic diversity may trigger local competition between native wildlife, particularly ungulates, and livestock. In this study, we analysed spatial and temporal niche partitioning between the vulnerable, endemic Italian roe deer Capreolus capreolus italicus and free-ranging cattle livestock (cattle) in the Gargano National Park in Southern Italy. We carried out an intensive camera-trapping during the territorial phase (March-August) of the roe deer, in 2015, with a stratified sampling design. We placed camera traps in 60 randomly chosen locations, each one sampled for 20 consecutive days, within the borders of the National Park. Camera trap data were used to assess patterns of activity rhythms and overlaps between roe deer and free-ranging livestock, as well as interspecific spatial interactions through two-species occupancy models. Activity rhythms of roe deer and livestock showed a moderate-high overlap (68%), with roe deer mostly active at dawn and dusk and livestock mostly diurnal. The occupancy of the roe deer was the highest where livestock was not recorded and the lowest where it co-occurred with livestock. Thus, our results showed no temporal partitioning between roe deer and livestock. Conversely, differences in the use of space among those species occurred. Specifically, the roe deer seems to avoid the areas most frequented by livestock, probably because of the locally-reduced food availability.

植物区系多样性的减少可能会引发本地野生动物（尤其是有蹄类动物）与牲畜之间的本地竞争。在这项研究中，我们分析了脆弱的地方性意大利狍子Capreolus capreolus italicus之间的空间和时间生态位划分和在意大利南部加尔加诺国家公园自由放养的牲畜（牛）。我们在 2015 年狍的领地阶段（3 月至 8 月）进行了密集的相机捕获，采用分层抽样设计。我们在国家公园边界内的 60 个随机选择的位置放置了相机陷阱，每个位置连续采样 20 天。相机陷阱数据用于评估狍和自由放养牲畜之间的活动节奏和重叠模式，以及通过两种物种占用模型进行的种间空间相互作用。狍和牲畜的活动节律表现出中高重叠（68%），狍多在黎明和黄昏活动，牲畜多在昼夜活动。狍的占有率在没有记录牲畜的地方最高，在与牲畜共存的地方最低。因此，我们的结果显示狍和牲畜之间没有时间划分。相反，这些物种之间在空间使用方面存在差异。具体来说，狍似乎避开牲畜最常出没的地区，这可能是因为当地的食物供应量减少了。