Abstract

Objective

Abundant evidence documents stereotype threat’s (ST) detrimental effect on test performance across identities and contexts (i.e., eliciting underperformance). Review of the literature shows varied aspects of both stereotyped identities and cognition are inconsistently explored across studies. Only a portion of the literature focuses on ST’s impact on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). It is important to understand and learn to mitigate ST, particularly for historically marginalized and systemically oppressed BIPOC patients. Relevance exists for neuropsychologists, who engage in activities (i.e., assessments) that may activate ST, and should be aware of additional factors impacting testing results and clinical decision making.

Method

Using scoping review criteria (Peters et al., 2015 Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000050[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) and Preferred Reporting Item for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we reviewed literature across multiple databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychINFO) on ST and cognition with a focus on BIPOC.

Results

The current literature suggests that race-based ST may be implicated in underperformance for executive functioning and separately working memory. There is limited research on the effects of ST for memory, language, attention, and visuospatial skills.

Conclusion

Research on ST requires additional attention to establish interventions to mitigate negative effects in practice. These results provide 1) an overview of the cognitive implications of ST, 2) address the scope of this impact for BIPOC, and 3) provide possible intervention and training strategies for neuropsychologists and other clinicians to work to mitigate the effects of ST on BIPOC.

中文翻译：

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BIPOC 刻板印象威胁的范围审查：神经心理学领域的认知效应和干预策略

摘要

客观的

大量证据记录了刻板印象威胁 (ST) 对跨身份和上下文的测试性能的不利影响（即导致性能不佳）。文献回顾表明，刻板印象身份和认知的不同方面在研究中的探索不一致。只有一部分文献关注 ST 对黑人、土著和有色人种 (BIPOC) 的影响。了解和学习减轻 ST 非常重要，特别是对于历史上被边缘化和系统性压迫的 BIPOC 患者。神经心理学家存在相关性，他们从事可能激活 ST 的活动（即评估），并且应该了解影响测试结果和临床决策的其他因素。

方法

使用范围审查标准 (Peters et al., 2015 Peters, MDJ , Godfrey, CM , Khalil, H. , McInerney, P. , Parker, D. , & Soares, CB ( 2015 )。进行系统范围审查的指南。国际循证医疗杂志，13 (3), 141 – 146。https://doi.org/10.1097/xeb.0000000000000050 [交叉引用]、[PubMed]、[Web of Science®]、 [谷歌学术]) 和系统评价和元分析 (PRISMA) 指南的首选报告项目，我们回顾了多个数据库（Google Scholar、PubMed、PsychINFO）中关于 ST 和认知的文献，重点是 BIPOC。

结果

目前的文献表明，基于种族的 ST 可能与执行功能和单独工作记忆的表现不佳有关。关于 ST 对记忆、语言、注意力和视觉空间技能的影响的研究有限。

结论

对 ST 的研究需要额外注意建立干预措施以减轻实践中的负面影响。这些结果提供了 1) 对 ST 的认知影响的概述，2) 说明这种影响对 BIPOC 的影响范围，以及 3) 为神经心理学家和其他临床医生提供可能的干预和培训策略，以减轻 ST 对 BIPOC 的影响。