A cornerstone of the global initiative to eradicate polio is the widespread use of live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in extensive public health campaigns designed to prevent the development of paralytic disease and interrupt transmission of the virus. Central to these efforts is the goal of inducing mucosal immunity able to limit virus replication in the intestine. Recent clinical trials have evaluated new combined regimens of poliovirus vaccines, and demonstrated clear differences in their ability to restrict virus shedding in stool after oral challenge with live virus. Analyses of mucosal immunity accompanying these trials support a critical role for enteric neutralizing IgA in limiting the magnitude and duration of virus shedding. This review summarizes key findings in vaccine-induced intestinal immunity to poliovirus in infants, older children, and adults. The impact of immunization on development and maintenance of protective immunity to poliovirus and the implications for global eradication are discussed.

全球根除脊髓灰质炎行动的基石是在旨在预防麻痹性疾病发展和阻断病毒传播的广泛公共卫生运动中广泛使用活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗和灭活脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗。这些努力的核心是诱导粘膜免疫，从而限制病毒在肠道内的复制。最近的临床试验评估了脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的新组合方案，并证明了它们在口服活病毒后限制粪便中病毒脱落的能力存在明显差异。这些试验伴随的粘膜免疫分析支持肠道中和 IgA 在限制病毒脱落的程度和持续时间方面的关键作用。本综述总结了婴儿、年龄较大的儿童和成人疫苗诱导肠道对脊髓灰质炎病毒免疫的主要发现。讨论了免疫接种对脊髓灰质炎病毒保护性免疫力的发展和维持的影响以及对全球根除脊髓灰质炎的影响。