In the global south, the use of firewood and LPG as dominant energy sources for cooking contributes to socio-ecological issues. Alternatively, biogas is considered a clean energy source generated from organic waste. However, in Indonesia, until 2018, only less than 2% of households utilized biogas for cooking fuel. This research aims to explore the landscape of biogas governance in Indonesia, its fragmentation, and its relation with biodigester dissemination. This study found that there is fragmentation within small-medium scale national biogas programs in Indonesia. Seven national government biogas programs have similar governance arrangements and characteristics; scattered in different departments within the ministry, using the grant approach with two main vendors, often overlapping with local government programs, and not providing proper monitoring and evaluation mechanism, as well as proper training for users. Meanwhile, the biogas program by a non-government organization utilizes a semi-commercial approach; collaborating with multiple stakeholders (governments, local construction partner organizations, cooperatives, and private sectors-companies and banks); and has standardized training and after-sale services. Within those biogas programs, there are multiple barriers along the supply chain process of biodigester dissemination. These barriers relate to the governance aspect of biogas programs. Fragmented governance affected the capability of each program to tackle barriers in biogas digester dissemination. Besides, heavy subsidy on LPG by the government reduced attraction to biogas. This study shows technology adoption barriers beyond the user/individual aspects. It shows interaction among different factors such as policy, the governance of technology transfer, technical production issues, and socio-cultural problems.

在全球南方，使用木柴和液化石油气作为主要的烹饪能源会导致社会生态问题。或者，沼气被认为是一种由有机废物产生的清洁能源。然而，在印度尼西亚，直到 2018 年，只有不到 2% 的家庭使用沼气作为烹饪燃料。本研究旨在探索印度尼西亚沼气治理的格局、其碎片化及其与生物消化器传播的关系。该研究发现，印度尼西亚的中小型国家沼气项目存在碎片化问题。七项国家政府沼气项目具有相似的治理安排和特点；分散在部内的不同部门，使用与两个主要供应商的赠款方法，通常与地方政府计划重叠，没有提供适当的监测和评估机制，以及对用户的适当培训。同时，一个非政府组织的沼气计划采用了半商业化的方式；与多个利益相关者（政府、当地建筑合作伙伴组织、合作社以及私营部门公司和银行）合作；并有规范的培训和售后服务。在这些沼气项目中，生物消化器传播的供应链过程中存在多个障碍。这些障碍与沼气项目的治理方面有关。分散的治理影响了每个计划解决沼气池传播障碍的能力。此外，政府对液化石油气的大量补贴降低了对沼气的吸引力。这项研究显示了超出用户/个人方面的技术采用障碍。它显示了政策、技术转让治理、技术生产问题和社会文化问题等不同因素之间的相互作用。