As a result of a constitutional amendment enacted in 1993, all levels of local government in India were required to reserve at least 33% of seats for women, without any corresponding reservations for women at the state or national level. We examine the upstream effects of this downstream quota on female political participation at the state and national level. Our results show that the introduction of the quota had significant positive impacts on the political participation of women both at the national and the state level, though the patterns of effects are quite different. Our results indicate that different mechanisms are driving more women running for office at the national and state levels.

由于 1993 年颁布的宪法修正案，印度各级地方政府必须为妇女保留至少 33% 的席位，而在州或国家一级没有为妇女保留任何相应的席位。我们研究了这一下游配额对州和国家层面女性政治参与的上游影响。我们的研究结果表明，配额的引入对妇女在国家和州一级的政治参与产生了显着的积极影响，尽管影响的模式截然不同。我们的结果表明，不同的机制正在推动更多的女性在国家和州一级竞选公职。