Gambling likely predates recorded history. The casting of lots (from which we get the modern term “lottery”) is mentioned both in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, most famously when Roman soldiers cast lots for the clothes of Jesus during his crucifixion. In Greek mythology, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus divided the heavens, the seas, and the underworld through a game of chance. Organized sports also have a long history. The Ancient Olympic Games date back to 776 BCE and persisted until 394 AD. The Circus Maximum in Rome, the home of horse and chariot racing events as well as gladiatorial contests for over one thousand years, was originally constructed around 500 BCE, and the Colosseum in Rome began hosting sporting events including gladiator fights in 80 AD. Variations of the ball game Pitz were played in Mesoamerica for nearly 3000 years beginning as early as 1400 BCE (Matheson 2019). Given the prevalence of both sporting contests and gambling across many ancient civilizations, it is natural to conclude that the combined activity of sports gambling also has a long history. And, indeed it is widely reported that gambling was a popular activity at the Olympics and other ancient Panhellenic events in Greece and at the racing and fighting contests in ancient Rome. Problems associated with gambling were also widely reported. As early as 388 BCE, the boxer Eupolus of Thessaly was known to have paid opponents to throw fights in the Olympics. Rampant gambling in Rome led Caesar Augustus (c. BCE 20) to limit the activity to only a week-long festival called “Saturnalia” celebrated around the time of the winter solstice, while Emperor Commodus (AD 192) turned the royal palace into a casino and bankrupted the Roman Empire along the way (Matheson et al. 2018). Just as in the modern day, gambling was often looked down upon by societal leaders in antiquity. Horace (Ode III., 24; 23 BCE) wrote, “The young Roman is no longer devoted to the manly habits of riding and hunting; his skills seem to develop more in

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体育博彩经济学概述和研讨会介绍

赌博很可能早于有记载的历史。旧约和新约圣经都提到了抽签（我们从中得到现代术语“彩票”），最著名的是罗马士兵在耶稣受难期间为他的衣服抽签。在希腊神话中，哈迪斯、波塞冬和宙斯通过一次机会游戏划分了天堂、海洋和冥界。有组织的体育运动也有着悠久的历史。古代奥运会可以追溯到公元前 776 年，一直持续到公元 394 年。罗马最大的马戏团是一千多年来马匹和战车比赛以及角斗比赛的举办地，最初建于公元前 500 年左右，罗马斗兽场在公元 80 年开始举办包括角斗士在内的体育赛事。早在公元前 1400 年（Matheson 2019），球类运动的变体就在中美洲进行了近 3000 年。鉴于体育比赛和赌博在许多古代文明中的盛行，很自然地得出结论，体育赌博的综合活动也有着悠久的历史。而且，确实有广泛报道称，在奥运会和希腊其他古代泛希腊活动以及古罗马的赛马和格斗比赛中，赌博是一项受欢迎的活动。与赌博相关的问题也被广泛报道。早在公元前 388 年，众所周知，塞萨利的拳击手 Eupolus 曾花钱请对手在奥运会上打架。罗马猖獗的赌博导致凯撒奥古斯都（c. 公元前 20 年）将活动限制在冬至前后庆祝的为期一周的名为“农神节”的节日，而康茂德皇帝（公元 192 年）将皇宫变成了赌场，并在此过程中使罗马帝国破产（ Matheson 等人，2018 年）。就像在现代一样，赌博在古代经常被社会领袖看不起。贺拉斯（Ode III., 24; 23 BCE）写道：“年轻的罗马人不再热衷于骑马和狩猎的男子气概；他的技能似乎发展得更多 “年轻的罗马人不再热衷于骑马和打猎的男子气概；他的技能似乎发展得更多 “年轻的罗马人不再热衷于骑马和打猎的男子气概；他的技能似乎发展得更多