Past research has shown that presenting unconditional stimuli (US) during extinction training, either paired with the conditional stimulus (CS) or explicitly unpaired, can reduce spontaneous recovery and slow the re-acquisition of conditional fear. Whether contextual renewal of conditioned fear as indexed by electrodermal responses and self-report measures of anxiety and CS evaluations is also reduced after presentation of paired or unpaired USs during extinction training is currently unclear. Three groups of participants (Paired, Unpaired, Standard Extinction) completed a sequence of habituation, acquisition, extinction, renewal, and re-acquisition phases. During extinction, five CS–US pairings were presented in group Paired, whereas five US were presented alone in group Unpaired. No US were presented during standard extinction. For all groups, extinction was conducted in a context that was different from that of the other phases. Extinction of differential electrodermal responding was evident in groups Unpaired and Standard, but not in group Paired. Contextual renewal and fast re-acquisition, as indexed by differential electrodermal responding, were evident in group Standard, but not in group Unpaired and differential electrodermal responding persisted in group Paired. After extinction, self-reported anxiety was higher in groups Paired and Unpaired, but differential CS evaluations were evident in group Paired only. The current results suggest that presenting additional unpaired USs during extinction training strengthens extinction and protects against the renewal of differential electrodermal responding.

中文翻译：

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在灭绝期间呈现不成对的无条件刺激会减少有条件恐惧的更新并减慢重新获得的速度

过去的研究表明，在消退训练期间呈现无条件刺激 (US)，无论是与条件刺激 (CS) 配对还是明确不配对，都可以减少自发恢复并减缓条件恐惧的重新获得。目前尚不清楚在灭绝训练期间呈现成对或未成对的 US 后，由皮肤电反应和焦虑的自我报告测量和 CS 评估所指示的条件性恐惧的上下文更新是否也会减少。三组参与者（成对、非成对、标准灭绝）完成了一系列的习惯、获得、灭绝、更新和重新获得阶段。在灭绝期间，5 个 CS-US 配对出现在 Paired 组中，而 5 个 US 单独出现在 Unpaired 组中。在标准灭绝期间没有出现美国。对于所有组，灭绝是在与其他阶段不同的背景下进行的。在未配对组和标准组中不同的皮肤电反应消失很明显，但在配对组中没有。上下文更新和快速重新获取，如差异皮肤电反应所索引，在标准组中很明显，但在未配对组中不明显，并且差异皮肤电反应在配对组中持续存在。灭绝后，自我报告的焦虑在配对组和非配对组中更高，但差异 CS 评估仅在配对组中很明显。目前的结果表明，在消退训练期间提供额外的未配对 US 可以加强消退并防止差异皮肤电反应的更新。