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Inventory and evolution of glacial lakes since the Little Ice Age: Lessons from the case of Switzerland
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-06 , DOI: 10.1002/esp.5193
Nico Mölg 1, 2 , Christian Huggel 3 , Thilo Herold 4 , Florian Storck 4 , Simon Allen 3 , Wilfried Haeberli 3 , Yvonne Schaub 3 , Daniel Odermatt 1
Affiliation  

Retreating glaciers give way to new landscapes with lakes as an important element. In this study, we combined available data on lake outlines with historical orthoimagery and glacier outlines for six time periods since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA; ~1850). We generated a glacial lake inventory for modern times (2016) and traced the evolution of glacial lakes that formed in the deglaciated area since the LIA. In this deglaciated area, a total of 1192 lakes formed over the period of almost 170 years, 987 of them still in existence in 2016. Their total water surface in 2016 was 6.22 ± 0.25 km2. The largest lakes are > 0.4 km2 (40 ha) in size, while the majority (> 90%) are smaller than 0.01 km2. Annual increase rates in area and number peaked in 1946–1973, decreased towards the end of the 20th century, and reached a new high in the latest period 2006–2016. For a period of 43 years (1973–2016), we compared modelled overdeepenings from previous studies to actual lake genesis. For a better prioritization of formation probability, we included glacier-morphological criteria such as glacier width and visible crevassing. About 40% of the modelled overdeepened area actually got covered by lakes. The inclusion of morphological aspects clearly aided in defining a lake formation probability to be linked to each modelled overdeepening. Additional morphological variables, namely dam material and type, surface runoff, and freeboard, were compiled for a subset of larger and ice-contact lakes in 2016, constituting a basis for future hazard assessment.

中文翻译:

小冰河时代以来冰川湖泊的盘存与演化:以瑞士为例

退缩的冰川让位于以湖泊为重要元素的新景观。在这项研究中,我们将湖泊轮廓的可用数据与自小冰河时代 (LIA; ~1850) 结束以来六个时间段的历史正射影像和冰川轮廓相结合。我们生成了近代(2016 年)冰川湖清单,并追踪了自 LIA 以来在冰川消融区形成的冰川湖的演变。在这个冰消区,在将近170年的时间里,总共形成了1192个湖泊,其中987个在2016年仍然存在。2016年它们的总水面为6.22±0.25 km 2。最大的湖泊面积 > 0.4 km 2 (40 ha),而大多数 (> 90%) 的面积小于 0.01 km 2. 面积和数量的年增长率在 1946-1973 年达到顶峰,到 20 世纪末下降,并在最近的 2006-2016 年达到新高。在 43 年(1973 年至 2016 年)的时间里,我们将先前研究的模型过度深化与实际湖泊成因进行了比较。为了更好地确定形成概率的优先级,我们包括了冰川形态标准,例如冰川宽度和可见的裂缝。大约 40% 的建模过深区域实际上被湖泊覆盖。包含形态方面的内容显然有助于定义与每个模型过深相关的湖泊形成概率。其他形态变量,即大坝材料和类型、地表径流和干舷,在 2016 年针对较大的冰接触湖泊的子集进行了编译,构成了未来危险评估的基础。
更新日期:2021-07-06
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