Adolescence and early adulthood has been identified as a critical time window for establishing breast cancer risk. Mammographic density is an independent risk factor for breast cancer that may be influenced by diet, but there has been limited research conducted on the impact of diet on mammographic density. Thus, we sought to examine the association between adolescent and early adulthood inflammatory dietary patterns, which have previously been associated with breast cancer risk, and premenopausal mammographic density among women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII). This study included control participants with premenopausal mammograms from an existing breast cancer case-control study nested within the NHSII who completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire in 1998 about their diet during high school (HS-FFQ) (n = 685) and/or a Food Frequency Questionnaire in 1991 (Adult-FFQ) when they were 27–44 years old (n = 1068). Digitized analog film mammograms were used to calculate the percent density, absolute dense, and non-dense areas. Generalized linear models were fit to evaluate the associations of a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI, an anti-inflammatory dietary pattern) with each breast density measure. Significant associations were observed between an adolescent pro-inflammatory dietary pattern and mammographic density in some age-adjusted models; however, these associations did not remain after adjustment for BMI and other breast cancer risk factors. No associations were observed with the pro-inflammatory pattern or with the AHEI pattern in adolescence or early adulthood in fully adjusted models. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the dietary patterns during adolescence and early adulthood in relation to mammographic density phenotypes. Our findings do not support an association between adolescent and early adulthood diet and breast density in mid-adulthood that is independent of BMI or other breast cancer risk factors.

中文翻译：

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青少年和成年早期炎症相关的饮食模式与绝经前乳房X光密度的关系

青春期和成年早期已被确定为确定乳腺癌风险的关键时间窗口。乳房X线密度是乳腺癌的独立危险因素，可能受到饮食的影响，但关于饮食对乳房X线密度影响的研究有限。因此，我们试图在护士健康研究 II (NHSII) 中研究青少年和成年早期的炎症饮食模式（以前​​曾与乳腺癌风险相关）与女性绝经前乳房 X 光密度之间的关系。这项研究包括来自 NHSII 内现有乳腺癌病例对照研究的绝经前乳房 X 光检查的对照参与者，他们于 1998 年完成了关于高中期间饮食的食物频率问卷 (HS-FFQ) (n = 685) 和/或食物1991 年频率调查问卷 (Adult-FFQ)，当时他们的年龄为 27-44 岁 (n = 1068)。数字化模拟胶片乳房X线照片用于计算百分比密度、绝对致密区域和非致密区域。广义线性模型适合评估促炎饮食模式和替代健康饮食指数（AHEI，一种抗炎饮食模式）与每种乳房密度测量值之间的关联。在一些年龄调整模型中，观察到青少年促炎饮食模式与乳房X光密度之间存在显着关联；然而，在调整体重指数和其他乳腺癌危险因素后，这些关联并没有保留。在完全调整的模型中，未观察到青春期或成年早期的促炎模式或 AHEI 模式之间的关联。据我们所知，这是第一项评估青春期和成年早期饮食模式与乳房X线密度表型相关的研究。我们的研究结果并不支持青少年和成年早期饮食与中年乳房密度之间存在独立于体重指数或其他乳腺癌危险因素的关联。