Acid fracturing treatment in upstream oil and gas production is done to extend the connectivity of the wellbore deep into the reservoir. This is achieved through a dissolution process using acid in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing. A key to success is to impart favourable reaction kinetics between the acid and rock matrix. If the reaction proceeds too rapidly, it results in large voids in the near-wellbore area but insufficient dissolution in the reservoir. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is ubiquitous in the petroleum industry for acidizing applications due to its high dissolving capacity towards carbonate minerals, soluble reaction products, and low cost. Its corrosive nature coupled with rapid reaction kinetics have forced the industry to search for mechanisms to address these limitations. The concepts for slowing down reaction rate centre around (1) reducing mass transfer of hydrogen ions, H⁺; (2) limiting H⁺ ion dissociation; and (3) altering the wetting property of the rock surface. Reaction kinetics data is critical to guiding the selection of the suitable acid formulations for acid fracturing process. They are commonly measured in the lab using instruments such as a rotating disk reactor, flow cells, and diffusion cell. Though routinely applied, these experimental methods, including their setups and procedures, are rarely questioned. The experimental artefacts can lead to wrong conclusions. Deeper understanding of the fundamental assumptions behind the apparatus design and test procedures is critical. This paper discusses the chemistries employed in acid retardation, and more importantly the attention needed when extending the experimental data to field treatment.

中文翻译：

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酸阻滞用于更深的刺激——重新审视化学和评价方法

在上游油气生产中进行酸压裂处理，以将井筒的连通性延伸到储层深处。这是通过使用酸与水力压裂相结合的溶解过程来实现的。成功的关键是在酸和岩石基质之间赋予有利的反应动力学。如果反应进行得太快，则会导致近井筒区域出现较大的空隙，但在储层中溶解不足。由于其对碳酸盐矿物的高溶解能力、可溶性反应产物和低成本，盐酸 (HCl) 在石油工业中普遍用于酸化应用。其腐蚀性加上快速反应动力学迫使工业界寻找解决这些限制的机制。⁺ ; (2) 限制H ⁺离子解离；(3)改变岩石表面的润湿性。反应动力学数据对于指导为酸压裂工艺选择合适的酸配方至关重要。它们通常在实验室中使用旋转盘反应器、流通池和扩散池等仪器进行测量。虽然常规应用，但这些实验方法，包括它们的设置和程序，很少受到质疑。实验人工制品可能导致错误的结论。深入了解设备设计和测试程序背后的基本假设至关重要。本文讨论了用于酸阻滞的化学物质，更重要的是，将实验数据扩展到现场处理时需要注意。