Education has been a civil rights battleground since before the Civil War. From the failure of the New Haven “African College” in 1831 to mob attacks on the Canterbury Female Seminary in 1833 and the Noyes Academy in 1835 to the Roberts desegregation case in 1849, contests over access to schooling and higher learning helped define the northern Black freedom struggle. After abolition itself, the right to education was a chief priority for African American reformers. For many Black leaders, the issue was personal. Encountering racial discrimination as students helped make lifelong activists out of some preeminent abolitionists, including William Howard Day, Henry Highland Garnet, and William Cooper Nell. But if exclusion or expulsion from school is where narratives of Black men’s activism begin, it is often where narratives of Black women’s activism end. Alexander Crummell is rejected from General Theological Seminary and becomes an exponent of racial self-determination. Rosetta Douglass is ousted from Seward Seminary and becomes a side note in her famous father’s biographies. Kabria Baumgartner’s In Pursuit of Knowledge gives women like Rosetta Douglass their due. Her monograph, the first book-length treatment of its subject, shows how personal struggles for education inspired and empowered antebellum Black women to demand “equal school rights” for their communities. Prior historians of race, gender, and education in this period have concentrated mainly on African American alumnae of Oberlin College who hailed primarily from the West and South. Baumgartner shifts the focus to student and teacher activists in the Northeast. Some of the characters in this book—Sarah Mapps Douglass, Charlotte Forten, Sarah Parker Remond—will be familiar to historians of Black abolitionism. Others like Ursula James, Rosetta Morrison, and Eunice Ross likely will not. Together, these women’s school experiences and subsequent teaching careers form the connective tissue of Baumgartner’s narrative, which she divides into two parts. The first half examines private female seminaries, while the second analyzes public

中文翻译：

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黑人妇女激进主义教育

自内战之前，教育一直是民权战场。从 1831 年纽黑文“非洲学院”的失败到 1833 年对坎特伯雷女子神学院和 1835 年诺伊斯学院的暴民袭击，再到 1849 年罗伯茨废除种族隔离案，关于接受教育和高等教育的竞争帮助定义了北部自由斗争。在废除之后，受教育权成为非裔美国人改革者的首要任务。对于许多黑人领导人来说，这个问题是个人的。在学生时期遇到种族歧视帮助一些杰出的废奴主义者成为终身活动家，包括威廉·霍华德·戴、亨利·高地·加内特和威廉·库珀·内尔。但是，如果被学校排斥或开除是黑人激进主义叙事的开始，它通常是黑人妇女激进主义叙事结束的地方。亚历山大·克鲁梅尔被通用神学院拒绝，成为种族自决的代表。罗塞塔·道格拉斯 (Rosetta Douglass) 被苏厄德神学院 (Seward Seminary) 驱逐，成为她著名父亲传记中的一个旁注。Kabria Baumgartner 的 In Pursuit of Knowledge 给予了像 Rosetta Douglass 这样的女性应有的待遇。她的专着是对其主题的第一本书长度的论述，展示了个人为教育而奋斗是如何激发和赋予战前黑人妇女权力的，以要求为其社区提供“平等的学校权利”。这一时期的种族、性别和教育历史学家主要关注欧柏林学院的非洲裔美国校友，他们主要来自西方和南方。Baumgartner 将重点转移到东北部的学生和教师积极分子身上。本书中的一些人物——莎拉·马普斯·道格拉斯、夏洛特·福滕、莎拉·帕克·雷蒙德——对于黑人废奴主义的历史学家来说会很熟悉。其他人如乌苏拉·詹姆斯、罗塞塔·莫里森和尤妮斯·罗斯可能不会。这些女性的学校经历和随后的教学生涯共同构成了鲍姆加特纳叙事的结缔组织，她将其分为两部分。前半部分检查私立女神学院，而第二部分分析公共