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The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction ( IF 8 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-06 , DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0
Ibrahim A Kira 1 , Hanaa A M Shuwiekh 2 , Jeffrey S Ashby 3 , Sayed Ahmed Elwakeel 2 , Amthal Alhuwailah 4 , Mariam Sous Fahmy Sous 5 , Shadia Bint Ali Baali 6 , Chafika Azdaou 7 , Enas M Oliemat 8 , Hikmet J Jamil 9
Affiliation  

COVID-19 is a new type of trauma that has never been conceptually or empirically analyzed in our discipline. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 as traumatic stress on mental health after controlling for individuals’ previous stressors and traumas. We utilized a sample of (N = 1374) adults from seven Arab countries. We used an anonymous online questionnaire that included measures for COVID-19 traumatic stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and cumulative stressors and traumas. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression, with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety as dependent variables. In the first step, in each analysis, we entered the country, gender, age, religion, education, and income as independent variables (Kira, Traumatology 7(2):73–86, 2001; Kira, Torture, 14:38–44, 2004; Kira, Traumatology, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000305). In the second step, we entered cumulative stressors and traumas as an independent variable. In the third step, we entered either COVID-19 traumatic stressors or one of its subtypes (fears of infection, economic, and lockdown) as an independent variable. Finally, we conducted structural equation modeling with PTSD, depression, and anxiety as predictors of the latent variable mental health and COVID-19 as the independent variable. Results indicated that COVID-19 traumatic stressors, and each of its three subtypes, were unique predictors of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Thus, COVID-19 is a new type of traumatic stress that has serious mental health effects.



中文翻译:

COVID-19 创伤性压力源对心理健康的影响:COVID-19 是一种新的创伤类型吗

COVID-19 是一种新型创伤,在我们的学科中从未进行过概念或实证分析。本研究旨在调查 COVID-19 作为创伤性压力在控制了个人之前的压力源和创伤后对心理健康的影响。我们使用了来自七个阿拉伯国家的 (N = 1374) 成年人样本。我们使用了一份匿名在线问卷,其中包括针对 COVID-19 创伤性压力、创伤后应激障碍、焦虑、抑郁以及累积压力源和创伤的措施。我们进行了分层多元回归,将创伤后应激障碍、抑郁和焦虑作为因变量。在第一步中,在每个分析中,我们将国家、性别、年龄、宗教、教育和收入作为独立变量输入(Kira,Traumatology 7(2):73-86,2001;Kira,Torture,14:38- 2004 年 44 岁;基拉,创伤学,2021 年,https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000305)。在第二步中,我们将累积压力源和创伤作为自变量输入。在第三步中,我们将 COVID-19 创伤性压力源或其一种亚型(对感染、经济和封锁的恐惧)输入为自变量。最后,我们进行了结构方程建模,以 PTSD、抑郁和焦虑作为潜在变量心理健康的预测因子,以 COVID-19 作为自变量。结果表明,COVID-19 创伤性应激源及其三种亚型中的每一种都是创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的独特预测因子。因此,COVID-19 是一种新型的创伤性压力,会对心理健康产生严重影响。我们将累积的压力源和创伤作为独立变量输入。在第三步中,我们将 COVID-19 创伤性压力源或其一种亚型(对感染、经济和封锁的恐惧)输入为自变量。最后,我们进行了结构方程建模,以 PTSD、抑郁和焦虑作为潜在变量心理健康的预测因子,以 COVID-19 作为自变量。结果表明,COVID-19 创伤性应激源及其三种亚型中的每一种都是创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的独特预测因子。因此,COVID-19 是一种新型的创伤性压力,会对心理健康产生严重影响。我们将累积的压力源和创伤作为独立变量输入。在第三步中,我们将 COVID-19 创伤性压力源或其一种亚型(对感染、经济和封锁的恐惧)输入为自变量。最后,我们进行了结构方程建模,以 PTSD、抑郁和焦虑作为潜在变量心理健康的预测因子,以 COVID-19 作为自变量。结果表明,COVID-19 创伤性应激源及其三种亚型中的每一种都是创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的独特预测因子。因此,COVID-19 是一种新型的创伤性压力,会对心理健康产生严重影响。我们进行了结构方程建模,以 PTSD、抑郁和焦虑作为潜在变量心理健康的预测因子,以 COVID-19 作为自变量。结果表明,COVID-19 创伤性应激源及其三种亚型中的每一种都是创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的独特预测因子。因此,COVID-19 是一种新型的创伤性压力,会对心理健康产生严重影响。我们进行了结构方程建模,以 PTSD、抑郁和焦虑作为潜在变量心理健康的预测因子,以 COVID-19 作为自变量。结果表明,COVID-19 创伤性应激源及其三种亚型中的每一种都是创伤后应激障碍、焦虑和抑郁的独特预测因子。因此,COVID-19 是一种新型的创伤性压力,会对心理健康产生严重影响。

更新日期:2021-07-06
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