This study aims to investigate the effect of demand response (DR) on power and energy flexibilities with three types of district heated buildings (apartment building, cultural center, and office building) in Finland and Germany. A rule-based control algorithm was applied for the DR control with two country-specific dynamic district heating (DH) prices, the more fluctuating Finnish synthetic DH price and the flatter German synthetic DH price. This research was implemented with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA ICE. Set-point smoothing of the indoor air temperature was applied to minimize the rebound effect. Nighttime set-back was adopted in the cultural center and the office building. The results show that the DR control without smoothing creates additional peaks in power demand, while the set-point smoothing significantly decreases the peak power demand. The DR control can significantly shape the heating power demand of the buildings and increase energy flexibility. The range of the resultant seasonal energy flexibility factors is from 3 to 26% for charging and from −6 to −31% for discharging, depending on the building types and countries. Cases with nighttime set-back have higher power and energy flexibilities, while this causes additional peaks, which is detrimental to DH systems.

本研究旨在研究需求响应 (DR) 对芬兰和德国三种区域供热建筑（公寓楼、文化中心和办公楼）的电力和能源灵活性的影响。基于规则的控制算法应用于具有两个特定国家动态区域供热 (DH) 价格的 DR 控制，芬兰合成 DH 价格波动较大，德国合成 DH 价格较为平坦。这项研究是使用经过验证的动态建筑模拟工具 IDA ICE 实施的。应用室内空气温度的设定点平滑以最小化回弹效应。文化中心和办公楼采用夜间退避。结果表明，没有平滑的 DR 控制会产生额外的电力需求峰值，而设定点平滑显着降低了峰值功率需求。DR 控制可以显着调整建筑物的热功率需求并提高能源灵活性。根据建筑类型和国家/地区的不同，由此产生的季节性能源灵活性系数的范围为 3% 至 26%（充电）和 -6% 至 -31%（放电）。夜间回退的情况具有更高的功率和能量灵活性，但这会导致额外的峰值，这对 DH 系统不利。