This study investigated the evolution and epidemiology of the community-associated and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone European CC1-MRSA-IV. Whole-genome sequences were obtained for 194 European CC1-MRSA-IV isolates (189 of human and 5 of animal origin) from 12 countries, and 10 meticillin-susceptible precursors (from North-Eastern Romania; all of human origin) of the clone. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a maximum-likelihood approach, a time-measured phylogeny was reconstructed using Bayesian analysis, and in silico microarray genotyping was performed to identify resistance, virulence-associated and SCCmec (staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec) genes. Isolates were typically sequence type 1 (190/204) and spa type t127 (183/204). Bayesian analysis indicated that European CC1-MRSA-IV emerged in approximately 1995 before undergoing rapid expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s, while spreading throughout Europe and into the Middle East. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an unstructured meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) population, lacking significant geographical or temporal clusters. The MRSA were genotypically multidrug-resistant, consistently encoded seh, and intermittently (34/194) encoded an undisrupted hlb gene with concomitant absence of the lysogenic phage-encoded genes sak and scn. All MRSA also harboured a characteristic ~5350 nt insertion in SCCmec adjacent to orfX. Detailed demographic data from Denmark showed that there, the clone is typically (25/35) found in the community, and often (10/35) among individuals with links to South-Eastern Europe. This study elucidated the evolution and epidemiology of European CC1-MRSA-IV, which emerged from a meticillin-susceptible lineage prevalent in North-Eastern Romania before disseminating rapidly throughout Europe.

中文翻译：

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探索欧洲 CC1-MRSA-IV 的进化和流行病学：追踪耐多药社区相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌克隆

本研究调查了社区相关和耐多药金黄色葡萄球菌克隆欧洲 CC1-MRSA-IV 的进化和流行病学。获得了来自 12 个国家的 194 个欧洲 CC1-MRSA-IV 分离株（189 个人类来源和 5 个动物来源）和克隆的 10 个甲氧西林敏感前体（来自罗马尼亚东北部；所有人类来源）的全基因组序列. 使用最大似然方法进行系统发育分析，使用贝叶斯分析重建时间测量的系统发育，并进行计算机微阵列基因分型以确定抗性、毒力相关和 SCC mec（葡萄球菌盒式染色体mec ) 基因。分离物通常是序列类型 1 (190/204) 和spa类型 t127 (183/204)。贝叶斯分析表明，欧洲 CC1-MRSA-IV 大约在 1995 年出现，然后在 1990 年代后期和 2000 年代迅速扩张，同时传播到整个欧洲和中东。系统发育分析揭示了一个非结构化的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA) 种群，缺乏显着的地理或时间集群。MRSA 在基因型上具有多重耐药性，始终编码seh，并且间歇性 (34/194) 编码一个未中断的hlb基因，同时缺乏溶源性噬菌体编码基因sak和scn . 所有 MRSA 还在与orfX相邻的 SCC mec中具有特征性的~5350 nt 插入。来自丹麦的详细人口统计数据显示，克隆人通常（25/35）在社区中发现，并且通常（10/35）在与东南欧有联系的个人中发现。这项研究阐明了欧洲 CC1-MRSA-IV 的演变和流行病学，它起源于在罗马尼亚东北部普遍存在的甲氧西林敏感谱系，然后迅速传播到整个欧洲。