Stress comprises three sequential stages: the event (stressor), which leads to an initial effect on a focal organism (stress), followed by the organism's ultimate response (recovery or not). Using this framework, we test how the duration and timing of a stressor individually and interactively affect the initial and asymptotic organism outcomes. We applied either long or short water restrictions either early or later in the life of Lepidium sativum. While several of these water restriction treatments caused a noticeable initial effect, all were able to recover fully, except for those exposed to a long early water restriction. While long early stressors led to decreased height, a growth model revealed that both long and short early stressors changed the rate of growth and prolonged the inflection point, findings that would have been missed had effect and response not been analyzed separately. Both the stressor and the magnitude of the initial effect in part explained the change in the growth model parameter estimates. Overall, timing, duration, and, more importantly, the interaction of these two temporal aspects of stress significantly affects an organism's initial response to a stressor and its ability to ultimately recover from stress. Our findings highlight the importance of explicitly studying the interactions of stressor aspects and of examining the immediate stress effects, as well as long-term responses.

中文翻译：

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早期生活压力与恢复潜力的持续时间和时间相互作用

压力包括三个连续的阶段：事件（压力源），它导致对焦点生物体的初始影响（压力），然后是生物体的最终反应（恢复与否）。使用这个框架，我们测试压力源的持续时间和时间如何单独和交互地影响初始和渐近有机体结果。我们在Lepidium sativum的生命周期的早期或晚期应用了长期或短期的水限制. 虽然这些限水治疗中的一些引起了明显的初始效果，但除了那些长期早期限水的人之外，所有这些都能够完全恢复。虽然长期的早期压力源会导致身高下降，但生长模型显示，长期和短期的早期压力源都改变了生长速度并延长了拐点，而那些可能被遗漏的结果却产生了影响，因此没有单独分析反应。压力源和初始效应的大小在一定程度上解释了增长模型参数估计值的变化。总的来说，压力的时间、持续时间，以及更重要的是，压力的这两个时间方面的相互作用显着影响生物体对压力源的初始反应及其最终从压力中恢复的能力。