To increase the resilience of our food system, we must better understand how ecosystem services such as pest control and pollination provided by a diverse insect community contribute to crop yield. We examined how landscape heterogeneity relates to insect and pollinator diversity, and how insect and pollinator diversity relates to yield of Brassica carinata, a new biofuel crop within common farming practices. Over two years, we planted 35 × 1 acre sites in a roughly 1000-km² area near Brookings, South Dakota, in the Prairie Coteau. We randomly assigned each site to a combination of three common farming practices: tilling (yes/no), added honey bee hives (yes/no), and treatment with systemic neonicotinoids (yes/no). Insect and pollinator diversity and the heterogeneity of the surrounding landscape at multiple spatial scales were calculated. We observed a significant positive relationship between insect (and pollinator) diversity and yield when fields were untreated, without hives, nor seed treatments. All farming practices within this study increase yield. However, farming practices alter the relationship between yield and insect (and pollinator) diversity. The addition of seed treatment or tillage negates the relationship between insect (and pollinator) diversity with yield. There was no relationship between seed treatment, diversity, and yield for all insects, and the application of seed treatment resulted in lower pollinator diversity. Increased landscape heterogeneity was correlated with more insect diversity at the 1000-m scale and pollinator diversity at the 3000-m scale. Our results show that increasing large-scale landscape heterogeneity increases insect diversity, which serves as a substitute for common farming practices such as application of pesticides, tilling, or bee hives. Increased landscape heterogeneity could increase farmers' net profitability by replacing input costs associated with tillage and seed treatments.

中文翻译：

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通过景观异质性和节肢动物多样性最大限度地为油料作物油菜提供生态系统服务

为了提高我们的食物系统的恢复能力，我们必须更好地了解生态系统服务，例如由多样化昆虫群落提供的害虫控制和授粉，如何促进作物产量。我们研究了景观异质性如何与昆虫和传粉媒介多样性相关，以及昆虫和传粉媒介多样性如何与常见农业实践中的新生物燃料作物芸苔的产量相关。两年多来，我们在大约 1000 公里^{2 的}土地上种植了 35 × 1 英亩的土地布鲁金斯附近的地区，南达科他州，在草原上。我们将每个地点随机分配到三种常见耕作方式的组合：耕作（是/否）、添加蜂箱（是/否）和全身性新烟碱类药物处理（是/否）。计算了昆虫和传粉者多样性以及周围景观在多个空间尺度上的异质性。我们观察到，当田地未经处理、没有荨麻疹或种子处理时，昆虫（和传粉媒介）多样性与产量之间存在显着的正相关关系。本研究中的所有耕作方法都能提高产量。然而，农业实践改变了产量与昆虫（和传粉媒介）多样性之间的关系。添加种子处理或耕作否定了昆虫（和传粉媒介）多样性与产量之间的关系。所有昆虫的种子处理、多样性和产量之间没有关系，种子处理的应用导致传粉媒介多样性降低。景观异质性的增加与 1000 米尺度的昆虫多样性和 3000 米尺度的传粉媒介多样性相关。我们的研究结果表明，增加大规模景观异质性会增加昆虫的多样性，从而替代常见的农业实践，如使用杀虫剂、耕作或蜂箱。通过替代与耕作和种子处理相关的投入成本，增加景观异质性可以提高农民的净盈利能力。景观异质性的增加与 1000 米尺度的昆虫多样性和 3000 米尺度的传粉媒介多样性相关。我们的研究结果表明，增加大规模景观异质性会增加昆虫的多样性，从而替代常见的农业实践，如使用杀虫剂、耕作或蜂箱。通过替代与耕作和种子处理相关的投入成本，增加景观异质性可以提高农民的净盈利能力。景观异质性的增加与 1000 米尺度的昆虫多样性和 3000 米尺度的传粉媒介多样性相关。我们的研究结果表明，增加大规模景观异质性会增加昆虫的多样性，从而替代常见的农业实践，如使用杀虫剂、耕作或蜂箱。通过替代与耕作和种子处理相关的投入成本，增加景观异质性可以提高农民的净盈利能力。