In this paper we discuss two universal characteristics of domesticated species that distinguish them from the wild closely related ancestors – increased socialization and phenotypic variability. Examining evidence accumulated in the literature up to date, we note that the gut microbiome is involved in the increased social behavior of domesticated species through the gut-immune system-brain axis. We further discuss data that point toward clear difference in the microbiome composition between domesticated species and closely related wild ancestors. This difference is related to changes in diet, due to co-habitation with humans, which leads to increase in Bifidobacteria and changes in carbohydrate metabolism. We note that these changes may also influence interaction between microbiome and virome. Virome is linked to the evolutionary changes through incorporation of retro-viruses into the host genome. Together with transposons these mobile genetic elements may also lead to changes in regulatory networks, and increase adaptive potential. Changes in microbiome of animals during co-habitation with humans should be considered as an important event during domestication process.

在本文中，我们讨论了驯化物种的两个普遍特征，这些特征将它们与野生密切相关的祖先区分开来——增加的社会化和表型变异。检查迄今为止在文献中积累的证据，我们注意到肠道微生物组通过肠道 - 免疫系统 - 脑轴参与驯化物种增加的社会行为。我们进一步讨论了表明驯化物种与密切相关的野生祖先之间微生物组组成存在明显差异的数据。这种差异与饮食变化有关，由于与人类同居，导致双歧杆菌增加和碳水化合物代谢发生变化。我们注意到这些变化也可能影响微生物组和病毒组之间的相互作用。通过将逆转录病毒整合到宿主基因组中，病毒组与进化变化有关。与转座子一起，这些可移动的遗传元件也可能导致调节网络的变化，并增加适应性潜力。动物与人类共居期间微生物组的变化应被视为驯化过程中的一个重要事件。