Populism and nationalism have been described as major threats to democracy. But ambiguities linger over their conceptual boundaries and overlaps. This article develops a typology of nationalist narratives to historically situate the recent global rise of populist nationalism. Specifically, we identify three common types of historical experience with empire that have shaped contemporary expressions of nationalism by populist leaders: imperial power, where a nation’s forerunner was the leading polity in a regional or global empire; imperial subject, where a nation was ruled and dominated by an imperial power, and imperial holdout, where a nation battled off imperial encroachments with relative success. Collective memories of these divergent imperial experiences are associated with three distinct types of nationalist narratives today: restorative nationalism in former imperial powers, redemptive nationalism in former imperial subjects, and retentive nationalism in former imperial holdouts. We illustrate this typology in three major cases of twenty-first-century populism: Turkey under Erdogan, the Philippines under Duterte, and Thailand under Thaksin. We tentatively contend that restorative nationalism is an especially likely conduit for greater political disruptions at home and abroad.

民粹主义和民族主义被描述为对民主的主要威胁。但歧义在他们的概念边界和重叠上徘徊。本文发展了民族主义叙事的类型学，以历史地定位最近全球兴起的民粹民族主义。具体而言，我们确定了三种常见的帝国历史经验类型，这些经验塑造了民粹主义领导人当代民族主义表达方式：帝国权力，即一个国家的先驱是区域或全球帝国的主要政体；帝国主体，一个国家被帝国权力统治和支配，而帝国坚持，一个国家以相对成功的方式与帝国的侵略作斗争。这些不同的帝国经历的集体记忆与当今三种不同类型的民族主义叙事有关：前帝国强国的恢复性民族主义，前帝国臣民的救赎民族主义，以及前帝国顽固分子的保留民族主义。我们用 21 世纪民粹主义的三个主要案例来说明这种类型学：埃尔多安治下的土耳其、杜特尔特治下的菲律宾和他信治下的泰国。我们暂时认为，恢复性民族主义特别有可能在国内外引发更大的政治动荡。