An overview of high-fidelity modeling of pathogen propagation, transmission and mitigation in the built environment is given. In order to derive the required physical and numerical models, the current understanding of pathogen, and in particular virus transmission and mitigation is summarized. The ordinary and partial differential equations that describe the flow, the particles and possibly the UV radiation loads in rooms or HVAC ducts are presented, as well as proper numerical methods to solve them in an expedient way. Thereafter, the motion of pedestrians, as well as proper ways to couple computational fluid dynamics and computational crowd dynamics to enable high-fidelity pathogen transmission and infection simulations is treated. The present review shows that high-fidelity simulations of pathogen propagation, transmission and mitigation in the built environment have reached a high degree of sophistication, offering a quantum leap in accuracy from simpler probabilistic models. This is particularly the case when considering the propagation of pathogens via aerosols in the presence of moving pedestrians.

概述了建筑环境中病原体传播、传播和缓解的高保真建模。为了推导出所需的物理和数值模型，总结了当前对病原体的理解，特别是对病毒传播和缓解的理解。介绍了描述房间或 HVAC 管道中的流动、颗粒和可能的紫外线辐射负荷的常微分方程和偏微分方程，以及以方便的方式求解它们的适当数值方法。此后，行人的运动，以及耦合计算流体动力学和计算人群动力学的适当方法，以实现高保真病原体传播和感染模拟。本综述表明，病原体传播的高保真模拟，建筑环境中的传输和缓解已经达到了高度的复杂性，从简单的概率模型中提供了一个巨大的精度飞跃。当考虑在移动的行人存在的情况下通过气溶胶传播病原体时，情况尤其如此。