Although explosive cyclones (ECs) have long been a focus of research, there remains a lack of knowledge of the statistical characteristics of their associated maximum surface winds and vertical extents. This study fills this gap by conducting a targeted statistical analysis of ECs in the Northern Hemisphere using the ERA-I reanalysis data during a 40-year period. Some new findings are obtained: (a) The average location of formation of ECs undergoes a notable westward and equatorward shift from September to April in the next year which is consistent with the location variations of sea surface temperature's strong gradients in subtropical regions. (b) Extreme ECs with a deepening rate more than 2.0 Bergeron or with a longer lifespan more than 10 days tend to have a larger occurrence number over the Northern Atlantic Ocean than over the Northern Pacific. (c) The maximum surface wind associated with an EC tends to appear between the EC reaching its maximum deepening rate and reaching its minimum central pressure. (d) The northeastern quadrant of ECs accounts for the highest proportion of maximum surface wind and strongest wind speed, as the baroclinic energy conversion is generally strongest in this quadrant. (e) Over 60% of ECs belong to a type of vertically deep cyclone (ECs' top levels show close relationship to ascending motions within their central regions), and they tend to reach their maximum vertical extent around the time when they reach their minimum central pressures. (f) The highest top levels of ECs exhibit an overall upward extending trend as their minimum central pressure decreases or their maximum deepening rate increases.

中文翻译：

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基于ERA-I再分析数据的北半球爆炸性气旋的地表风和垂直范围特征

尽管爆炸性气旋 (EC) 长期以来一直是研究的焦点，但对其相关的最大地表风和垂直范围的统计特征仍然缺乏了解。这项研究通过使用 40 年期间的 ERA-I 再分析数据对北半球的 EC 进行有针对性的统计分析，填补了这一空白。获得了一些新发现： (a) 次年9月至次年4月，ECs的平均形成位置经历了明显的西移和赤道移动，这与亚热带地区海表温度强梯度的位置变化一致。(b) 加深率大于 2 的极端 EC。0 Bergeron 或寿命超过 10 天的人在北大西洋上的发生次数往往比在北太平洋上的次数多。(c) 与 EC 相关的最大地表风往往出现在 EC 达到其最大加深率和达到其最小中心压力之间。(d) ECs的东北象限占最大地表风和最强风速的比例最高，因为该象限的斜压能量转换通常最强。(e) 超过 60% 的 ECs 属于垂直深部气旋类型（ECs 的顶层与其中心区域的上升运动表现出密切的关系），并且它们往往在达到最小值时达到最大垂直范围中央压力。