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Bernard Williams as a Philosopher of Ethical Freedom
Canadian Journal of Philosophy Pub Date : 2020-11-06 , DOI: 10.1017/can.2020.43
Miranda Fricker

Interpreting Bernard Williams’s ethical philosophy is not easy. His style is deceptively conversational; apparently direct, yet argumentatively inexplicit and allusive. He is moreover committed to evading ready-made philosophical “-isms.” All this reinforces the already distinct impression that the structure of his philosophy is a web of interrelated commitments where none has unique priority. Against this impression, however, I will venture that the contours of his philosophy become clearest if one considers that there is a single, unchanging root conviction from which his ethical philosophy grows. Despite the perpetual motion of his philosophical thought—its erudition, originality, range, and unceasing forward momentum—still, I contend, there is something unchanging at the heart of it. I will show this by reference to three signature theses: internal reasons, the relativism of distance, and the porous borders of philosophy and history. I will argue that the root conviction of which these are the fruits is the conviction that the constraints of universal rationality seriously underdetermine how one should live. This, I believe, is the vision of the human ethical condition that constitutes the largely inexplicit yet utterly fundamental presupposition beneath Williams’s ethical philosophy taken as a whole. I label the object of this root conviction ethical freedom, and thus portray Williams as a philosopher of ethical freedom.

中文翻译:

伯纳德·威廉姆斯作为伦理自由的哲学家

解读伯纳德·威廉姆斯的伦理哲学并不容易。他的风格看似对话式。显然是直接的,但在争论中却是含糊不清和暗示性的。此外,他还致力于回避现成的哲学“主义”。所有这些都强化了一种已经很明显的印象,即他的哲学结构是一个相互关联的承诺网络,其中没有一个具有独特的优先级。然而,与这种印象相反,如果有人认为他的伦理哲学源于一个单一的、不变的根本信念,我敢冒险说他的哲学轮廓会变得最清晰。尽管他的哲学思想不断发展——博学、独创、范围和不断前进的动力——但我认为,它的核心有一些不变的东西。我将通过参考三个签名论文来展示这一点:内在原因,距离的相对主义,以及哲学和历史的多孔边界。我将争辩说,产生这些成果的根本信念是,普遍理性的约束严重地不足以决定一个人应该如何生活。我相信,这是人类伦理状况的愿景,它构成了威廉斯伦理哲学作为一个整体的大部分不明确但完全基本的预设。我给这个根本信念的对象贴上标签 是人类伦理状况的愿景,它构成了威廉斯伦理哲学作为一个整体的大部分不明确但完全基本的预设。我给这个根本信念的对象贴上标签 是人类伦理状况的愿景,它构成了威廉斯伦理哲学作为一个整体的大部分不明确但完全基本的预设。我给这个根本信念的对象贴上标签道德自由,从而将威廉姆斯描绘成一位伦理自由的哲学家。
更新日期:2020-11-06
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