Following the rapid development of models to assess and map ecosystem services (ES) in the last decades, there is an increasing need for comparative studies testing their efficiency and accuracy against field data. The representation of soils in these models is often oversimplified and remains a major source of uncertainty in ES assessment and mapping. In this context, a first objective of the present article is to develop two approaches of increasing complexity (empirical versus process-based) integrating a realistic representation of soils, to map two provisioning (biomass and water) and two regulating (water quality and global climate) soil-supported ES on the Saclay plateau (France). A second objective is to compare them according to their relative ability to replicate direct measurements (absolute accuracy) in a cultivated soil and to translate gradients in soil properties into differences in levels of the soil-supported ES (relative accuracy). On the basis of currently available models, the soil-supported ES can be assessed only under a homogeneous simplified crop rotation. For the fixed land management used in this research, the soil type significantly influences the levels of the considered services. The process-based modelling is effective only in deep, homogeneous, and cultivated soils. By contrast, the empirical modelling is effective over a larger range of soils, but mostly for provisioning services. The ability to integrate a realistic representation of soils in ES assessment and mapping with common tools and models is currently limited in terms of land-use, soil diversity, or types of ES. Increasing the accuracy of ES assessment and mapping requires pursuing the effort towards developing and validating models that explicitly take into account soil processes and properties.

随着过去几十年评估和绘制生态系统服务 (ES) 模型的快速发展，越来越需要进行比较研究，根据现场数据测试其效率和准确性。这些模型中土壤的表示通常过于简单，并且仍然是 ES 评估和绘图中不确定性的主要来源。在这种情况下，本文的第一个目标是开发两种日益复杂的方法（基于经验的与基于过程的），结合土壤的真实表现，绘制两种供应（生物质和水）和两种调节（水质和全球气候）在萨克雷高原（法国）土壤支持的 ES。第二个目标是根据它们在耕作土壤中复制直接测量（绝对精度）的相对能力以及将土壤特性的梯度转化为土壤支持的 ES 水平差异（相对精度）来比较它们。根据目前可用的模型，土壤支持的 ES 只能在同质的简化轮作下进行评估。对于本研究中使用的固定土地管理，土壤类型显着影响所考虑的服务水平。基于过程的建模仅在深层、均质和耕作土壤中有效。相比之下，经验建模对更大范围的土壤有效，但主要用于提供服务。目前，在土地利用、土壤多样性或 ES 类型方面，将 ES 评估和绘图中土壤的实际表示与常用工具和模型相结合的能力受到限制。提高 ES 评估和绘图的准确性需要努力开发和验证明确考虑土壤过程和特性的模型。