Infrastructure refers to an aggregation of numerous facilities that constitute the backbone of urban operations. The lifeline systems are usually interdependent; thus, any damage to one system can cause a chain reaction, triggering failures in related and connected systems, leading to a cascade of disasters. Taiwan is located in the Circum-Pacific seismic zone, where earthquakes occur frequently. Moderate-to-large earthquakes can adversely affect the lifeline systems, severely impairing most urban functions. Therefore, understanding the effects of earthquakes of this intensity on lifeline systems as well as how these effects contribute to disaster scenarios in urban areas is a critical requirement for the Taiwanese government. From the disaster management perspective, this study constructed a seismic impact chain module for lifeline systems on the basis of an analysis of the direct and indirect impacts of seismic activity. Furthermore, the factor of infrastructure impact was examined using the matrix method. Simulations of 6.6 magnitude earthquakes along the Shanchiao fault were used to assess the impact chain of the lifeline system and the effectiveness of a hospital disaster rescue service. In the simulation, the lifeline systems in the epicentral area were directly damaged, whereas critical infrastructure was indirectly affected. Therefore, the study results will assist the authorities in making intelligent decisions regarding lifeline infrastructure and resource management.