Since its foundation in 1945, the United Nations has conducted an astonishing number of peace operations, commencing in Indonesia in 1948. To deal with the changing international security order, the organization has continuously adapted and transformed its approach to prevent violence, restore peace, and build sustainable security and development. But change has been slow. Despite some notable success stories, the UN's track record has not been grand. Too often the inappropriate behavior or ineffectiveness of peacekeepers has brought disgrace on the organization, while resistance to change from some member states as well as from within the various organs of the UN has hampered its agility and effectiveness. The relative global stability that prevailed during the Cold War (in spite of the possibility of nuclear Armageddon) has been replaced by an era of greater uncertainty between states and increased intrastate and transnational violence. Security actors do not necessarily respect geographic borders, international law, or the neutrality of the United Nations. The challenges facing peace operations have been exacerbated by the increased threat of terrorism and organized crime as well as the impact of environmental degradation on human security. Increasingly, peace missions are being deployed to help prevent conflict or maintain security in insecure environments where there may be no peace to keep. Yet, as the Secretary-General reminds us, peace operations are the most visible face of the United Nations, on which the organization's reputation depends: "A profound uncertainty is emerging among our populations over the adequacy of global, regional and national institutions at a time when demands placed on them are greater than ever.... The limits of our engagement are reflected in United Nations peace operations, the most visible face of the Organization." (1) By 2015, with more than 120,000 military and civilian personnel serving in thirty-nine missions and a peacekeeping budget of $8.2 billion per year, the report of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO)--titled Uniting Our Strengths for Peace: Politics, Partnership and People--provides a timely reminder of the importance of UN peace operations and the monumental challenges they face. The panel was established by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 31 October 2014, with the challenging task of assessing the state of peace operations and recommending corrective measures. Chaired by the distinguished Nobel Laureate and former president and prime minister of Timor-Leste, Jose Ramos Horta, it comprised an international group of fifteen experts. The panel delivered its report on 16 June 2015 (A/70/95-S/2015/446), and the Secretary-General's report on the implementation of its recommendations was delivered on 2 September 2015 (A/70/357-S/2015/682). The two documents warrant joint consideration. According to one of the panel experts, HIPPO's deliberations were influenced by three overarching political realities that limited the UN's ability to consolidate peace. (2) These realities could diffuse or negate many of the panel's practical recommendations for reform, as had been the case with previous reviews. These limitations are (1) governments and regional groupings do not fully entrust the UN with sensitive issues such as preventive diplomacy and the negotiation of internal conflicts, (2) UN forces are a "pickup" team that makes them inefficient in situations of active hostilities, and (3) the UN continues to be a relatively minor player in the field of international cooperation and it is fragmented among a multiplicity of autonomous agencies. It is useful to keep these caveats in mind when future assessments of the implementation of the panel's recommendations are made. Moreover, HIPPO was conducted simultaneously with two other major reviews that also need to be considered as part of the UN's ongoing reform agenda: the Advisory Group of Experts on the 2015 Review of the United Nations Peacebuilding Architecture; and the High-Level Advisory Group for the Global Study on the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace, and security. …

中文翻译：

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联合国和平行动高级别独立小组审查，团结我们的力量促进和平：政治、伙伴关系和人民

自 1945 年成立以来，联合国于 1948 年在印度尼西亚开展了数量惊人的和平行动。为了应对不断变化的国际安全秩序，该组织不断调整和转变其预防暴力、恢复和平和建立可持续的安全和发展。但变化一直很缓慢。尽管有一些显着的成功案例，但联合国的业绩记录并不出色。维和人员的不当行为或效率低下经常给该组织带来耻辱，而一些成员国以及联合国各机构内部对变革的抵制阻碍了其敏捷性和有效性。冷战期间盛行的全球相对稳定（尽管有可能发生核世界末日）已被国家之间更大的不确定性以及国家内部和跨国暴力增加的时代所取代。安全行为者不一定尊重地理边界、国际法或联合国的中立性。恐怖主义和有组织犯罪的威胁增加以及环境退化对人类安全的影响加剧了和平行动面临的挑战。越来越多地部署和平特派团，以帮助在可能无法维持和平的不安全环境中预防冲突或维持安全。然而，正如秘书长提醒我们的那样，和平行动是联合国最显眼的面孔，在其 的声誉取决于：“在对全球、区域和国家机构的要求比以往任何时候都大的时候，我们的人民对全球、区域和国家机构的充分性正在出现一种深刻的不确定性......我们参与的局限性反映在联合国的和平上行动，这是本组织最显眼的一面。” (1) 到 2015 年，超过 120,000 名军事和文职人员在 39 个任务中服役，维和预算为每年 82 亿美元，和平行动高级别独立小组 (HIPPO) 的报告——联合我们的和平的力量：政治、伙伴关系和人民——及时提醒人们联合国和平行动的重要性及其面临的巨大挑战。该小组由秘书长潘基文于 2014 年 10 月 31 日设立，评估和平行动的状况并提出纠正措施建议是一项艰巨的任务。它由著名的诺贝尔奖获得者、前东帝汶总统和总理何塞·拉莫斯·奥尔塔担任主席，由一个由 15 名专家组成的国际小组组成。专家小组于 2015 年 6 月 16 日提交报告（A/70/95-S/2015/446），秘书长关于其建议执行情况的报告于 2015 年 9 月 2 日提交（A/70/357-S/ 2015/682）。这两份文件值得共同考虑。据小组专家之一称，HIPPO 的审议受到三个总体政治现实的影响，这些现实限制了联合国巩固和平的能力。(2) 这些现实可能会削弱或否定专家组的许多实际改革建议，就像之前的评论一样。这些限制是 (1) 政府和地区集团没有将预防性外交和内部冲突谈判等敏感问题完全委托给联合国，(2) 联合国部队是一个“接班人”，使他们在积极敌对行动的情况下效率低下(3) 联合国在国际合作领域仍然是一个相对较小的参与者，它分散在多个自治机构中。在将来对小组建议的执行情况进行评估时，牢记这些注意事项是很有用的。此外，HIPPO 与另外两项主要审查同时进行，这些审查也需要被视为联合国正在进行的改革议程的一部分：2015 年联合国建设和平架构审查专家咨询组；以及关于执行安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第 1325 (2000) 号决议的全球研究高级别咨询小组。…