Abstract

Glucocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex under the influence of stress factors are the most important messengers in the integrative regulation of adaptive plasticity of the brain, executed by the neurohumoral hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system. Excitatory synapses are considered as key elements in synaptic plasticity and behavioral adaptation. The review summarizes data on the mechanisms of glucocorticoid regulation of the glutamatergic synapse, primarily on the examples of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Glucocorticoids, by triggering signal transduction through mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors located on synaptic membranes and in the cytosol of glutamatergic neurons, regulate synapse plasticity at the level of pre- and postsynaptic compartments. Glucocorticoids modulate synapse excitability through changes in vesicular transport and glutamate release, and mediate changes in the expression, composition, and properties of ionotropic NMDA and AMPA receptors, as well as other glutamate receptors. A detailed scheme of multiple regulatory mechanisms implemented in the glutamatergic synapse during the binding of glucocorticoids to specific receptors is presented.

中文翻译：

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谷氨酸能突触的糖皮质激素调节：压力依赖性神经可塑性的机制

摘要

在应激因素影响下从肾上腺皮质释放的糖皮质激素是大脑适应性可塑性综合调节中最重要的信使，由神经体液下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺系统执行。兴奋性突触被认为是突触可塑性和行为适应的关键因素。该综述总结了关于糖皮质激素调节谷氨酸能突触的机制的数据，主要是海马体和前额叶皮层的例子。糖皮质激素通过位于突触膜和谷氨酸能神经元细胞质中的盐皮质激素和糖皮质激素受体触发信号转导，在突触前和突触后隔室水平调节突触可塑性。糖皮质激素通过改变囊泡转运和谷氨酸释放来调节突触兴奋性，并介导离子型 NMDA 和 AMPA 受体以及其他谷氨酸受体的表达、组成和特性的变化。介绍了在糖皮质激素与特定受体结合期间在谷氨酸能突触中实施的多种调节机制的详细方案。