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Effects of transpression on the rocks exposed at the Jhelum Fault Zone in the east of Potwar Basin, Pakistan: implications on the subsurface deformation pattern
Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-30 , DOI: 10.1007/s13202-021-01224-z
Ibrahim Safi , Gohar Rehman , Muhammad Yaseen , Sohail Wahid , Muhammad Nouman , Sadaf Fida , Shehla Gul , Muhammad Naveed Anjum

Jhelum Fault is the north–south-oriented major structural lineament originating from the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis and extending southwards towards the Mangla Lake. Geographic extent, nature and significance of Jhelum Fault are the subjects which have been approached by different researchers in the past. The previous research provides enough evidence for the presence of Jhelum Fault as well as they discourse its surface extent. None of the previous research addresses the subsurface model of this fault; consequently, its surface extent has been ambiguous and variably reported. The current research takes into account both the surface lineament as well as the subsurface behaviour of the deformed strata to draft the most reasonable depiction of this fault. Field data were coupled with satellite image of 1.5 m ground resolution to produce the geological map of the study area at 1:25,000 scale. The subsurface model was created along four traverse lines by considering the lateral extent of the structures and their shifting trends on the geological map. The stratigraphic package was taken from the nearby hydrocarbon exploratory well data (Missakeswal-01 well of OGDCL) as no rocks older than middle to late Miocene were exposed in the area. The consistent through-going map extents of many faults in the study area prove that faults are playing the major role in the tectonic evolution of the Jhelum Fault Zone. In the subsurface model, the same faults show very little stratigraphic throw, which signify the major stress component to be associated more with wrenching than pure compression. Therefore, most faults in the area are of transpressional nature having dominant lateral component with relatively smaller push towards west on steeply east dipping faults. The model also shows the positive flower structure with dominantly west verging fault system with few east verging back thrusts. The subsurface proposed model shows that the Jhelum Fault is extendible southwards to the Mangla Lake in the subsurface; however, it acts like a continuous shear zone on the surface where there all the shearing is accommodated by tight refolded fold axes. The east–west shortening does not exceed 14.5% which shows smaller compression in the study area. The 3D model further clarifies the model by showing the consistency of the fault system along strike.



中文翻译:

挤压对巴基斯坦 Potwar 盆地东部 Jhelum 断裂带出露岩石的影响:对地下变形模式的影响

杰赫勒姆断层是南北向的主要构造线,起源于哈扎拉-克什米尔合成带,向南延伸至曼格拉湖。杰赫勒姆断层的地理范围、性质和意义是过去不同研究人员研究的课题。先前的研究为杰赫勒姆断层的存在及其地表范围提供了足够的证据。以前的研究都没有涉及这个断层的地下模型;因此,它的表面范围是不明确的,而且报道不一。目前的研究同时考虑了变形地层的地表轮廓和地下行为,以绘制该断层的最合理描述。现场数据与 1 号卫星图像相结合。5 m 地面分辨率,以 1:25,000 的比例生成研究区的地质图。通过考虑结构的横向范围及其在地质图上的移动趋势,沿四条导线创建了地下模型。该地层包取自附近的油气勘探井数据(OGDCL 的 Misskeswal-01 井),因为该地区没有出露早于中新世中晚期的岩石。研究区多条断裂的一致贯穿图范围证明,断裂在杰赫勒姆断裂带的构造演化中起主要作用。在地下模型中,相同的断层显示出非常小的地层偏移,这表明主要应力分量更多地与扭动而不是纯粹的压缩相关。所以,该地区的大多数断层都是挤压性质的,具有主导的横向分量,在陡峭的东倾断层上向西推力相对较小。该模型还显示出以西侧断层系统为主,东侧后逆冲断层少的正花结构。地下提议模型表明,杰赫勒姆断层向南延伸至地下的芒拉湖;然而,它的作用就像表面上的一个连续剪切区,在那里所有的剪切都由紧密重新折叠的折叠轴提供。东西向缩短不超过 14.5%,表明研究区压缩较小。3D 模型通过显示沿走向的断层系统的一致性进一步阐明了模型。该模型还显示出以西侧断层系统为主,东侧后逆冲断层少的正花结构。地下提议模型表明,杰赫勒姆断层向南延伸至地下的芒拉湖;然而,它的作用就像表面上的一个连续剪切区,在那里所有的剪切都由紧密重新折叠的折叠轴提供。东西向缩短不超过 14.5%,表明研究区压缩较小。3D 模型通过显示沿走向的断层系统的一致性进一步阐明了模型。该模型还显示出以西侧断层系统为主,东侧后逆冲断层少的正花结构。地下提议模型表明,杰赫勒姆断层向南延伸至地下的芒拉湖;然而,它的作用就像表面上的一个连续剪切区,在那里所有的剪切都由紧密重新折叠的折叠轴提供。东西向缩短不超过 14.5%,表明研究区压缩较小。3D 模型通过显示沿走向的断层系统的一致性进一步阐明了模型。它的作用就像表面上的一个连续剪切区,在那里所有的剪切都由紧密重新折叠的折叠轴提供。东西向缩短不超过 14.5%,表明研究区压缩较小。3D 模型通过显示沿走向的断层系统的一致性进一步阐明了模型。它的作用就像表面上的一个连续剪切区,在那里所有的剪切都由紧密重新折叠的折叠轴提供。东西向缩短不超过 14.5%,表明研究区压缩较小。3D 模型通过显示沿走向的断层系统的一致性进一步阐明了模型。

更新日期:2021-06-30
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