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Cognitive control mediates age-related changes in flexible anticipatory processing during listening comprehension
Brain Research ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-30 , DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147573
Shruti Dave 1 , Trevor Brothers 2 , Liv J Hoversten 3 , Matthew J Traxler 4 , Tamara Y Swaab 4
Affiliation  

Effective listening comprehension not only requires processing local linguistic input, but also necessitates incorporating contextual cues available in the global communicative environment. Local sentence processing can be facilitated by pre-activation of likely upcoming input, or predictive processing. Recent evidence suggests that young adults can flexibly adapt local predictive processes based on cues provided by the global communicative environment, such as the reliability of specific speakers. Whether older comprehenders can also flexibly adapt to global contextual cues is currently unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether the underlying mechanisms supporting local predictive processing differ from those supporting adaptation to global contextual cues. Critically, it is unclear whether these mechanisms change as a function of typical aging. We examined the flexibility of prediction in young and older adults by presenting sentences from speakers whose utterances were typically more or less predictable (i.e., reliable speakers who produced expected words 80% of the time, versus unreliable speakers who produced expected words 20% of the time). For young listeners, global speaker reliability cues modulated neural effects of local predictability on the N400. In contrast, older adults, on average, did not show global modulation of local processing. Importantly, however, cognitive control (i.e., Stroop interference effects) mediated age-related reductions in sensitivity to the reliability of the speaker. Both young and older adults with high cognitive control showed greater N400 effects of predictability during sentences produced by a reliable speaker, suggesting that cognitive control is required to regulate the strength of top-down predictions based on global contextual information. Critically, cognitive control predicted sensitivity to global speaker-specific information but not local predictability cues, suggesting that predictive processing in local sentence contexts may be supported by separable neural mechanisms from adaptation of prediction as a function of global context. These results have important implications for interpreting age-related change in predictive processing, and for drawing more generalized conclusions regarding domain-general versus language-specific accounts of prediction.



中文翻译:

认知控制在听力理解过程中调节灵活预期处理中与年龄相关的变化

有效的听力理解不仅需要处理本地语言输入,还需要结合全球交际环境中可用的上下文线索。本地句子处理可以通过可能即将到来的输入的预激活或预测处理来促进。最近的证据表明,年轻人可以根据全球交流环境提供的线索(例如特定说话者的可靠性)灵活地调整本地预测过程。年长的理解者是否也可以灵活地适应全局上下文线索目前尚不清楚。此外,尚不清楚支持局部预测处理的潜在机制是否与支持适应全局上下文线索的机制不同。至关重要的是,尚不清楚这些机制是否会随着典型的衰老而改变。我们通过呈现说话者的话语通常或多或少可预测的句子来检验年轻人和老年人的预测灵活性(即,可靠的说话者在 80% 的时间内产生了预期的词,而不可靠的说话者在 20% 的时间里产生了预期的词。时间)。对于年轻的听众,全球扬声器可靠性提示调节了 N400 上局部可预测性的神经效应。相比之下,平均而言,老年人并没有表现出局部加工的全局调节。然而,重要的是,认知控制(即 Stroop 干扰效应)介导了与年龄相关的对说话者可靠性的敏感性降低。具有高度认知控制的年轻人和老年人在可靠说话者的句子中表现出更大的 N400 可预测性影响,表明需要认知控制来调节基于全局上下文信息的自上而下预测的强度。至关重要的是,认知控制预测了对全局说话者特定信息的敏感性,而不是局部可预测性线索,这表明局部句子上下文中的预测处理可能得到与预测适应作为全局上下文函数的可分离神经机制的支持。这些结果对于解释预测处理中与年龄相关的变化具有重要意义,并且对于得出关于领域一般与语言特定预测的更普遍的结论。认知控制预测了对全局说话者特定信息的敏感性,但不是局部可预测性线索,这表明局部句子上下文中的预测处理可能得到与预测适应作为全局上下文函数的可分离神经机制的支持。这些结果对于解释预测处理中与年龄相关的变化具有重要意义,并且对于得出关于领域一般与语言特定预测的更普遍的结论。认知控制预测了对全局说话者特定信息的敏感性,但不是局部可预测性线索,这表明局部句子上下文中的预测处理可能得到与预测适应作为全局上下文函数的可分离神经机制的支持。这些结果对于解释预测处理中与年龄相关的变化具有重要意义,并且对于得出关于领域一般与语言特定预测的更普遍的结论。

更新日期:2021-07-04
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