This paper explores the variation of citizenship in eight regional organisations (ROs). Since the 1980s, ROs have increasingly served as spaces for developing, regulating, and providing citizenship. However, current literature primarily takes a rights-based approach and focuses on a narrow set of cases without providing an account for the variation of citizenship in ROs. This paper offers a broad, conceptual approach to the study of regional citizenship and deploys a three-tiered conceptual framework consisting of rights, access, and belonging, to analyse how citizenship varies across different ROs. It challenges the current theorisation of regional citizenship, which is primarily rooted in the study of the EU’s rights-based approach. The analysis contributes to citizenship studies and comparative regionalism. It shows how citizenship varies across ROs, thus providing the first comprehensive cross-regional comparison. The empirical findings lead to the following insights. First, citizenship in regional organisations can be conceptualised as constitutional or practice-based. Second, there are different pathways to regional citizenship where practices might precede law or where citizenship in ROs remains a practice-based concept. Third, there is variation in the link between national and regional citizenship and how ROs provide access to regional citizenship.

本文探讨了八个区域组织 (RO) 中公民身份的变化。自 1980 年代以来，RO 越来越多地成为发展、规范和提供公民身份的空间。然而，当前的文献主要采用基于权利的方法，并且只关注一组狭窄的案例，而没有说明 RO 中公民身份的变化。本文为研究区域公民提供了一个广泛的概念性方法，并部署了一个由权利、访问和归属组成的三层概念框架，以分析公民如何在不同的 RO 之间变化。它挑战了当前的区域公民理论，该理论主要植根于对欧盟基于权利的方法的研究。该分析有助于公民研究和比较区域主义。它显示了不同区域办事处的公民身份如何变化，从而提供了第一个全面的跨区域比较。实证结果得出以下见解。首先，区域组织中的公民身份可以被概念化为基于宪法或实践的。其次，在实践可能先于法律或区域公民身份仍然是基于实践的概念的情况下，区域公民身份有不同的途径。第三，国家和地区公民身份之间的联系以及代表处如何提供获得地区公民身份的方式存在差异。区域公民有不同的途径，其中实践可能先于法律，或者 RO 的公民身份仍然是基于实践的概念。第三，国家和地区公民身份之间的联系以及代表处如何提供获得地区公民身份的方式存在差异。区域公民有不同的途径，其中实践可能先于法律，或者 RO 的公民身份仍然是基于实践的概念。第三，国家和地区公民身份之间的联系以及代表处如何提供获得地区公民身份的方式存在差异。