Reestablishment of perennial vegetation can improve soil conditions on intensively cultivated lands, but the timeframe required to recover uncultivated soil quality is not well understood. This study aimed to measure the recovery of soil physical (bulk density, aggregate stability, and water infiltration rate), biological (total microbial biomass and soil respiration), and chemical (surface soil organic carbon [SOC]) parameters across a 30-year land retirement chronosequence. Soil parameters on lands retired under long- and short-term Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) enrollment periods were compared to undisturbed and actively cropped lands, and chronofunctions were utilized to estimate the time required to achieve uncultivated soil quality. Results showed that short-term enrollment was not sufficient to restore any parameters to uncultivated quality, although bulk density, water infiltration, soil respiration, and total organic carbon (C) levels generally trended toward the undisturbed condition. No significant differences between the uncultivated and 30-year CRP enrollment for aggregate stability and total microbial biomass suggests uncultivated soil quality was restored within 30 years of land retirement. Based on chronofunction analysis, an estimated period of 53 years would be necessary to return bulk density and soil respiration to undisturbed quality on retired land. Water infiltration and SOC had the longest predicted recovery time of 75 and 128 years, respectively. These results suggest soil properties recover at varying rates once retired into perennial grassland systems, and long-term land retirement is necessary to restore soil properties to precultivation condition and maintain high quality soils capable of providing key ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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跨农地退休时间序列评估土壤恢复力

多年生植被的重建可以改善集约化耕地的土壤条件，但恢复未开垦土壤质量所需的时间框架尚不清楚。本研究旨在测量 30 年间土壤物理（体积密度、团聚体稳定性和水分渗透率）、生物（总微生物生物量和土壤呼吸）和化学（表层土壤有机碳 [SOC]）参数的恢复情况。土地退休时间顺序。将在长期和短期保护储备计划 (CRP) 登记期间退役的土地的土壤参数与未受干扰和积极耕作的土地进行比较，并利用时间函数来估计达到未开垦土壤质量所需的时间。结果表明，尽管容重、水分渗透、土壤呼吸和总有机碳 (C) 水平通常趋向于不受干扰的条件，但短期注册不足以将任何参数恢复到未耕种的质量。未开垦和 30 年 CRP 登记的​​聚合稳定性和总微生物量之间没有显着差异，表明未开垦的土壤质量在土地退役 30 年内得到了恢复。根据时间功能分析，估计需要 53 年的时间才能使退休土地的容重和土壤呼吸恢复到未受干扰的质量。水渗透和 SOC 的预测恢复时间最长，分别为 75 年和 128 年。这些结果表明，一旦进入多年生草地系统，土壤特性就会以不同的速度恢复，